Eight principles

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The Eight Principles are one of the basic ways Chinese medicine has to diagnose. It uses the following eight divisions of symptoms:

  • Yin or Yang (yin-yang 陰陽)
  • Superficial or internal (li-biao 表裡)
  • Cold or hot (han-re 寒熱)
  • Deficient or Replete (xu-shi 虛實)
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