Edward William Lane

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Lane, in Turkish costume

Edward William Lane (September 17, 1801, Hereford, England—August 10, 1876, Worthing, Sussex) was a British Orientalist, translator and lexicographer.

Lane was the third son of the Rev. Dr Theopilus Lane, and grand-nephew of Gainsborough on his mother's side.^[1] After his father's death in 1814, Lane was sent to grammar school at Bath and then Hereford, where he showed a talent for mathematics. He visited Cambridge, but did not enroll in any of its colleges.^[2]

Instead, Lane joined his brother Richard in London, studying engraving with him. At the same time Lane began his study of Arabic on his own. However, his health soon deteriorated. For the sake of his health and of a new career, he set sail to Egypt.^[3] He arrived in Alexandria in September 1825, and soon left for Cairo. He remained in Egypt for three years, mingling with the locals, dressed as a Turk (the ruling ethnicity of the then Egypt) and taking notes of everything he saw and heard. In Old Cairo, he lived near Bab al-Hadid, and studied Arabic, among others, with Sheikh Muhammad 'Ayyad al-Tantawi (1810-61), who was later invited to teach at Saint Petersburg, Russia. He returned to England with his voluminous notes in the autumn of 1828.^[4]

Lane's interest in ancient Egypt may be first aroused by seeing a presentation by Giovanni Battista Belzoni.^[5] His original ambition was to publish an account of what had remained of ancient Egypt. The London publisher John Murray showed early interest in publishing the mighty project, but then retracted. At the suggestion of Murray, Lane expanded a chapter of the original project into a whole book. The result was his Manners and Customs of the Modern Egyptians (1836), published by the Society for the Diffusion of Useful Knowledge. The work was partly modeled on Alexander Russell's The Natural History of Aleppo (1756). ^[6] Lane visited Egypt again, in order to collect materials to expand and revise the work, after the society accepted the publication.^[7] The book became a bestseller (still in print), and won Lane a reputation. However, Lane remained disappointed that the complete Description of Egypt was never published, and remained unpublished for over a century, until finally being released in 2000. ^[8]

Lane was conscious that his research was handicapped by the fact that gender segregation prevented him from getting a close-up view of Egyptian women - as aspect of Egyptian life that was of particular interest to his readers. He was forced to rely on information passed on by Egyptian men, writing "Many husbands of the middle classes, and some of the higher orders, freely talk of the affairs of the hharee’m with one who professes to agree with them in their general moral sentiments, if they have not to converse through the medium of an interpreter" ^[9]. However, in order to gain further information, he sent for his sister, Sophia Lane Poole, so that she could gain access to women-only areas such as hareems and bathhouses and report on what she found. The result was The result was The Englishwoman in Egypt: Letters from Cairo, written during a residence there in 1842, 3 & 4, with E.W. Lane Esq., Author of “The Modern Egyptians.” By His Sister. (Poole’s own name does not appear.) The Englishwoman in Egypt contains large sections of Lane's own unpublished work, altered so that it appears from Poole's perspective (for example "my brother" being substitued for "I") (Thompson 1996: 574). However, it also relates Poole's own experiences in visiting the harems that were closed to male visitors such as her brother.

Lane's next major project was a translation of the One Thousand and One Nights. His version first saw light in monthly parts in the years 1838 to 1840, and was published in three volumes in 1840. A revised edition came out in 1859. The encyclopedic annotations were published, after his death, separately in 1883 by his great-nephew Stanley Lane-Poole, as Arabian Society in the Middle Ages.^[10] Lane's version is bowdlerized, and illustrated by William Harvey.

Opinions vary on the quality of Lane's translation. One comments, "... Lane's version is markedly superior to any other that has appeared in English, if superiority is allowed to be measured by accuracy and an honest and unambitous desire to reproduce the authentic spirit as well as the letter of the original."^[11] Yet another, "... [Lane's] style tends towards the grandiose and mock-biblical... Word order is frequently and pointlessly inverted. Where the style is not pompously high-flown, it is often painfully and uninspiringly literal... It is also peppered with Latinisms."^[12]

In 1840, Lane married Nafeesah, a Greek-Egyptian woman who had originally been either presented to him or purchased by him as a slave when she was only around eight years old, and who he had undertaken to eduate.^[13] From 1842 onwards, he devoted himself to the monumental Arabic-English Lexicon.

Lane's Selections from the Kur'an appeared in 1843. It was neither a critical nor a commercial success. Moreover, it was misprint-ridden, as Lane was for the third time in Egypt, to collect materials for the planned dictionary, when it was passing through the press.^[14]

Lane was unable to complete the dictionary. He had arrived at the letter Qāf, the 21st letter of the Arabic alphabet, when he died in 1876.^[15]