Edward Brooke
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| Edward William Brooke III | |
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| In office January 3, 1967 – January 3, 1979 |
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| Preceded by | Leverett Saltonstall |
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| Succeeded by | Paul Tsongas |
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| Born | October 26, 1919 Washington, D.C., USA |
| Nationality | American |
| Political party | Republican |
| Spouse | Anne Brooke |
Edward William Brooke III (born October 26, 1919) is an American politician and was the first African American to be elected by popular vote to the United States Senate when he was elected as a Republican from Massachusetts in 1966, defeating his Democratic opponent, Endicott Peabody, 58%–42%. He was also the first African American elected to the Senate since the 19th century, and would remain the only person of African heritage sent to the Senate in the 20th century until Democrat Carol Moseley Braun in 1993.
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[edit] Early years
Brooke was born in Washington, D.C., USA in 1919. Upon his graduation from Howard University in 1941, he spent five years as an officer in the segregated 366th Infantry Regiment and saw combat in Italy. Following his discharge, he graduated from Boston University Law School in 1948.
The following year, he ran for a seat in the Massachusetts House of Representatives, but lost. He then made two more tries for office, including one for secretary of state, but again fell short in both races.
He was the chairman of Finance Commission of Boston from 1961 to 1962. Brooke was elected Attorney General of Massachusetts in 1962 and re-elected in 1964. In this position, he gained a reputation as a vigorous prosecutor of organized crime, and coordinated with local police departments on the Boston strangler case.[1]
[edit] U.S. Senator
Brooke served as a U.S. senator for two terms, from January 3, 1967, to January 3, 1979. In 1967, he served on the President's Commission on Civil Disorders. He was a member of the liberal wing of the Republican Party and organized the Senate's "Wednesday Club" of progressive Republicans who met for Wednesday lunches and strategy discussions. Brooke, who had supported New York Gov. Nelson Rockefeller's bid for the 1968 G.O.P. Presidential nomination against Nixon's, often differed with President Richard Nixon on matters of social policy and civil rights.
By his second year in the Senate, Brooke had taken his place as a leading advocate against discrimination in housing and on behalf of affordable housing. With fellow Senate Banking Committee Member, Walter Mondale (D-MN), he co-authored the 1968 Fair Housing Act which President Johnson signed into law a week after the assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr., on April 11, 1968. Dissatisfied with the weakened enforcement provisions that emerged from the legislative process, Brooke repeatedly proposed stronger provisions during his Senate career. In 1969, Congress enacted the "Brooke Amendment" to the federal publicly-assisted housing program which limited the tenants' out-of-pocket rent expenditure to 25% of his or her income. By the 1990s, the percentage had gradually increased, but the principle of limiting the housing 'burden' of very-low income renters survives in statute, as of 2008.
During the Nixon years, Brooke opposed repeated Administration attempts to close down the Legal Services Corporation, the Job Corps, the Office of Economic Opportunity and to weaken the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission - all foundational elements of President Lyndon Johnson's Great Society.
In 1969, Brooke was a leader of the bi-partisan coalition that defeated the Senate confirmation of the President's nominee to the Supreme Court, Clement F. Haynesworth, Jr. A few months later, he again organized sufficient Republican support to defeat Nixon's second Supreme Court nominee Harrold Carswell.
In 1970, the Senate adopted his resolution prohibiting tests of MIRV missiles.
Brooke was re-elected in 1972, defeating Democrat John J. Droney 62%-34%.
Before the first year of his second term ended, Brooke became the first Republican to call on President Nixon to resign, on November 4, 1973 shortly after the Watergate-related "Saturday night massacre". He had risen to become the Ranking Republican on the Senate Banking Committee and on two powerful Appropriations Committees, Labor, Health and Human Services (HHS) and Foreign Operations. From these positions, Brooke defended and strengthened the programs he identified with; for example, he was a leader in enactment of the Equal Credit Act which ensured married women a right to credit of their own.
In 1974, together with Indiana Senator Birch Bayh, he led the fight to retain Title IX of the 1972 Education Act which guarantees equal educational opportunity to girls and women.
In 1975, with the extension and expansion of the Voting Rights Act at stake, Brooke faced Senator John Stennis (D-MS) in "extended debate" and won the Senate's support for the extension.
In 1976, he also took on the role of champion for a woman's right to an abortion. The Appropriations bill for HHS became the battleground over this issue because it funds Medicaid. The foes of abortion rights fought, eventually successfully, to prohibit funding for abortions of low-income women insured by Medicaid. Brooke led the fight against restrictions in the Senate Appropriations Committee and in the House-Senate Conference until his defeat.
In Massachusetts, Brooke's support among Catholics weakened, and during the 1978 re-election campaign, the state's bishops spoke in opposition to his leading role, in spite of the equally pro-choice position of his Democratic opponent. In addition, he was challenged in the Republican primary by a hard-line conservative talk show host, Avi Nelson. He lost some of his personal popularity during his second term after a contentious and widely-publicized divorce. He lost his bid for a third term in the Senate elections of 1978 to Paul Tsongas. He remains, as of 2008, the last Republican senator from Massachusetts.
[edit] Post-Senate life
After leaving the Senate, Brooke practiced law in Washington, DC and served as Chairman of the Board of the National Low Income Housing Coalition.
In 1996, he became the first chairman of Alpha Phi Alpha's World Policy Council, a think tank whose purpose is to expand the fraternity's involvement in politics, and social and current policy to encompass international concerns. Brooke currently serves as the council's chairman emeritus and was honorary chairman at the Centennial Convention of Alpha Phi Alpha held in Washington, D.C in 2006.
On June 20, 2000, a newly constructed Boston courthouse was dedicated in his honor. The Edward W. Brooke Courthouse is part of the Massachusetts Trial Court system, and houses Boston Municipal Court, Boston Juvenile Court, Family Court, and Boston Housing Court, among others.[2]
In September 2002, he was diagnosed with breast cancer and, since then, has assumed a national role in raising awareness of the disease among men.[3]
In 2004, Brooke was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom — designed to recognize individuals who have made "an especially meritorious contribution to the security or national interests of the United States, world peace, cultural or other significant public or private endeavors."
On April 29, 2006 the Massachusetts Republican Party awarded the first annual "Edward Brooke Award" to former White House Chief of Staff Andrew Card at their 2006 State Nominating Convention.
[edit] Personal life
The father of two daughters and a son, Brooke currently lives in Miami with his second wife, Anne.
On May 1, 2008, it was revealed that Barbara Walters wrote in her upcoming memoir Audition that she had an affair lasting several years with Brooke during the 1970s, while Brooke was married to his first wife. Walters said that the affair ended to protect both of their careers from possible scandal.[4] When asked for a comment, Mr. Brooke refused stating that he does not talk about his or other people's private lives.[5]
[edit] Bibliography
- John F. Becker and Eugene E. Heaton, Jr.,The Election of Senator Edward W. Brooke The Public Opinion Quarterly, Vol. 31, No. 3 (Autumn, 1967), pp. 346-358
- Edward Brooke (2006), Bridging The Divide: My Life. Rutgers University Press. ISBN 0-8135-3905-6.
- Edward Brooke (1966), "The Challenge of Change: Crisis in our Two Party System". Little, Brown,Boston.
- John Henry Cutler(1972), "Ed Brooke: Biography Of A Senator". Bobbs-Merrill Company, Indianapolis.
- Judson L. Jeffries , U. S. Senator Edward W. Brooke and Governor L. Douglas Wilder Tell Political Scientists How Blacks Can Win High-Profile Statewide Office, by © 1999 American Political Science Association
- Timothy N. Thurber, Virginia Commonwealth University "Goldwaterism Triumphant?: Race and the Debate Among Republicans over the Direction of the GOP, 1964-1968” Paper presented at the 2006 Conference of the Historical Society , Chapel Hill, NC, http://www.bu.edu/historic/06conf_papers/Thurber.pdf
- Barbara Walters (2008), Audition: A Memoir. Random House. ISBN 978-0307266460.
[edit] References
- ^ Boston Strangler coordination: WBUR interview
- ^ Dedication of the Edward W. Brooke Courthouse, a news release from Boston University
- ^ Clementson, Lynette (2003-06-10). Surprise Role for Ex-Senator: Male Breast Cancer Patient. New York Times.
- ^ Jo Piazza (2008-05-01). Barbara Walters: I had an affair with married Senator Edward Brooke. New York Daily News. Retrieved on 2008-05-02.
- ^ Frazier Moore (2008-05-02). Former Sen. Brooke mum on reported Barbara Walters affair. Associated Press. Retrieved on 2008-05-04.
[edit] External links
- Edward Brooke at the Biographical Directory of the United States Congress
- Edward Brooke biography and video interview excerpts by The National Visionary Leadership Project
- "The Brooke Affair" by Coral Living magazine
| Legal offices | ||
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| Preceded by Edward McCormack |
Attorney General of Massachusetts 1963–1967 |
Succeeded by Elliot Richardson |
| United States Senate | ||
| Preceded by Leverett Saltonstall |
United States Senator (Class 2) from Massachusetts 1967–1979 Served alongside: Ted Kennedy |
Succeeded by Paul Tsongas |
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| Persondata | |
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| NAME | III, Edward William Brooke |
| ALTERNATIVE NAMES | |
| SHORT DESCRIPTION | United States politician, lawyer |
| DATE OF BIRTH | October 26, 1919 |
| PLACE OF BIRTH | Washington, D.C., USA |
| DATE OF DEATH | |
| PLACE OF DEATH | |
