Earthquake shaking table

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

There are several different experimental techniques that can be used to test the response of structures to verify their seismic performance, one of which is the use of an earthquake shaking table. This is a device for shaking structural models or building components with a wide range of simulated ground motions, including reproductions of recorded earthquakes time-histories. The table typically consists of a rectangular platform that is driven in up to six degrees of freedom (DOF) by servo-hydraulic or other types of actuators. Test specimens are fixed to the platform and shaken, often, to failure [1]but it should be noted that the control of such systems is not a trivial problem [2]. Using data recorded from transducers, it is possible to interpret the dynamic behaviour of the specimen. Earthquake shaking tables are used extensively in seismic research, as they provide the means to excite structures in such a way that they are subjected to conditions representative of true earthquake ground motions.

[edit] A World List of Shaking Tables

This is an incomplete list, which may never be able to satisfy certain standards for completeness.
Revisions and sourced additions are welcome.

Below is an attempt to create a definitive list of shaking tables around the world that are used use for seismic testing. The list is almost certainly not complete and not all the data has been verified by the shaking table owners. If you operate a shaking table please help by correcting and updating and adding to this list.

This list was originally based on information from the following documents: Experimental Facilities for Earthquake Engineering Simulation Worldwide, Directory of International Earthquake Engineering Research Facilitiesand papers by Chowdhury [1], Duarte [2], Kamimura and Nakashima [3] and EERI [4].

Shaking Tables around the world
Region Country Location Size (m) Payload (metric tonnes) Degrees of Freedom X Horiz Disp (mm) Y Horiz Disp (mm) Z Vert Disp (mm) X Horiz Vel (mm/s) Y Horiz vel (mm/s) Z Vert vel (mm/s) X Horiz accel (m/s2) Y Horiz accel (m/s2) Z Vert accel (m/s2) Max Freq (Hz) Details checked
Asia China Tongji University, Shanghai 4 x 4 15 2 ±100 ±50 n/a ±1000 ±60 n/a ±12 ±8 n/a 50 ?
Asia China Nanying Technology University ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Asia Hong Kong City University of Hong Kong ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Asia Japan Aichi Institute of Technology 11 x 6 136 1 ±150 ? ? ±1000 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Building Research Institute 3 x 4 20 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Asia Japan Central Research Institute of Electric Power Industry [5] 5 x 5 60 1 ±500 n/a n/a ±1500 n/a n/a ±10 n/a n/a 30 12/3/2008
Asia Japan NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory, Miki City [6] 20 x 15 1200 6 ±1000 ±1000 ±500 ±2000 ±2000 ±700 ±9 ±9 ±15 50 3/3/2008
Asia Japan Fujita Corporation 4 x 4 25 1 ±500 n/a n/a ±1500 n/a n/a ±10 n/a n/a 50 ?
Asia Japan Hazama Corp Ltd. 6 x 4 80 3 ±300 ±150 ±100 ±1150 ? ? ±20 ±3 ±2 50 ?
Asia Japan Hitachi Engineering Corp 4 x 4 20 1 ±150 ? ? ±750 ? ? ±20 ? ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Ishikawajima Harima Heavy Ind Corp. 4.5 x 4.5 35 6 ±100 ±100 ±67 ±750 ±750 ±500 ±15 ±15 ±10 50 ?
Asia Japan JDC Corp. ? 20 6 ±300 ? ? ±1000 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Kawasaki Heavy Industries Corp. ? 30 3 ±75 ? ? ±400 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Kajima Corp. Ltd. (1 of 2) [7] 5 x 5 50 6 ±200 ±200 ±100 ±1000 ±1000 ±500 ±20 ±20 ±20 60 3/3/2008
Asia Japan Kajima Corp. Ltd. (2 of 2) 4 x 4 20 2 ±150 n/a ±75 ±1140 n/a ±4450 ±20 n/a ±10 50 ?
Asia Japan Kumagai-Gumi Corp Ltd 5 x 5 64 6 ±80 ±260 ±50 ±600 ±1500 ±500 ±30 ±10 ±10 70 ?
Asia Japan Kyoto University 5 x 3 14 6 ±300 ? ? ±1500 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Ministry of Construction 6 x 8 100 2 ±75 n/a ? ±600 n/a ? ±7 n/a ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Mitsubishi Electric Corp. ? 40 2 ±100 ? ? ±700 ? ? ±25 ? ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Mitsubishi Heavy Industries Corp. ? 100 3 ±50 ? ? ±1500 ? ? ±20 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan National Research Institute of Agriculture Engineering 6 x 4 45 3 ±150 ? ? ±750 ? ? ±10 ? ? 40 ?
Asia Japan NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (1 of 2) 6 x 6 1100 3 ±1000 ? ? ±2000 ? ? ±10 ? ? 15 ?
Asia Japan NIED (Nat. Inst. for Disaster Prevention) (2 of 2) ? 1100 1 ±220 ? ? ±900 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Nishimatsu Construction Corp 5.5 x 5.5 65 6 ±500 ? ? ±1500 ? ? ±20 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Nuclear Power Engineering Corporation 15 x 15 908 2 ±200 n/a ±100 ±750 n/a ±375 ±18 n/a ±9 30 ?
Asia Japan NYK Corporation 2.6 x 2.6 20 6 ±200 ? ? ±600 ? ? ±20 ? ? 80 ?
Asia Japan Obayashi-Gumi Corporation 5 x 5 46 3 ±600 ? ? ±2000 ? ? ±30 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Okumura Corp. ? 60 6 ±125 ? ? ±1000 ? ? ±30 ? ? 70 ?
Asia Japan Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (1 of 2) ? 60 6 ±300 ? ? ±1000 ? ? ±5 ? ? 70 ?
Asia Japan Penta-Ocean Construction Co. Ltd. (2 of 2) ? 60 6 ±200 ? ? ±750 ? ? ±10 ? ? 70 ?
Asia Japan Port and Airport Research Institute 3.4 x 3.4 55 2 ±200 n/a ±100 ±750 ±500 n/a ±8 ±15 n/a 50 ?
Asia Japan Public Works Research Institute (PWRI) [8] 8 x 8 300 6 ±600 ±600 ±300 ±2000 ±2000 ±1000 ±20 ±20 ±10 50 10/5/2008
Asia Japan Sanryo Heavy Industries Corporation 6 x 6 90.7 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Asia Japan Shimizu Corporation 4 x 4 20 3 ±200 ? ? ±1000 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Taisei Corp Ltd 4 x 4 20 2 ±200 ? ? ±450 ? ? ±10 ? ? 50 ?
Asia Japan Tobishima Corp Ltd 4 x 4 20 2 ±75 ? ? ? ? ? ±15 ? ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Tobishima Corp Ltd ? 20 6 ±200 ? ? ±800 ? ? ±10 ? ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Tokyo Const. Corp. ? 30 6 ±500 ? ? ±1500 ? ? ±10 ? ? 30 ?
Asia Japan Toshiba Electric Co. 5 x 5 20 2 ±750 n/a ±380 ±400 n/a ±250 ±10 n/a ±7 30 ?
Asia Korea Korea Institute of Machinery and Metals 4 x 4 30 6 ±200 ±200 ±134 ±750 ±750 ±500 ±15 ±15 ±10 50 ?
Asia Malaysia Sabah University 1.5 x 1.5 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Asia Taiwan National Center for Research in Earthquake Engineering [9] 5 x 5 50 6 ±250 ±100 ±100 ±1000 ±600 ±500 ±10 ±30 ±10 50 12/3/2008
Australia Australia Melborne University 2 x 2 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Canada Canada Royal Military College 2.7 x 2.7 5 1 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Canada Canada University of British Colombia (EERF Lab) 4 x 4 30 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
Europe France CEA, Commissariat a L’Energie Atomique (1 of 2) 6 x 6 91 3 ±125 ? ? ±100 ? ? ±20 ? ? 100 ?
Europe France CEA, Commissariat a L’Energie Atomique (2 of 2) 3.2 x 3.1 15 1 ±100 n/a n/a ±1000 n/a n/a ±60 n/a n/a 200 ?
Europe Germany KFA Juelich 5 x 5 25 3 ±200 ? ? ±100 ? ? ±30 ? ? 100 ?
Europe Greece National Technical University of Athens [10] 4 x 4 10 6 ±100 ±100 ±100 ±1000 ±1000 ±1000 ±20 ±20 ±40 100 12/3/2008
Europe Italy Ansaldo Meccanica Nucleare 3.5 x 3.5 6 3 ±70 ? ? ±860 ? ? ? ? ? 60 ?
Europe Italy ENEA 4 x 4 10 6 ±125 ±125 ±125 ±500 ±500 ±500 ±30 ±30 ±30 50 ?
Europe Italy Enel. Hydro S.p.A.; busines unit ISMES (1 of 3) 4 x 4 60 6 ±100 ±100 ±100 ±550 ±550 ±440 ±30 ±30 ±20 120 ?
Europe Macedonia University of St. Cyril and Methodius 5 x 5 36 3 ±125 ? ? ±640 ? ? ? ? ? 30 ?
Europe Portugal Laboratorio Nacional de Engenharia Civil (LNEC) 5.6 x 5.6 40 3 ±175 ±175 ±175 ±200 ±200 ±200 ±18 ±11 ±6 20 ?
Europe Russia Hydroproject Research Institute 5 x 5 50 3 ±70 ±70 ±40 ±600 ? ? ±20 ±20 ? 40 ?
Europe Turkey Bogazici University (1 of 2) [11] 3 x 3 10 1 ±120 n/a n/a ±650 n/a n/a ±20 n/a n/a ±10 3/3/2008
Europe Turkey Bogazici University (2 of 2) [12] 0.7 x 0.7 0.1 3 ±120 ±120 ±120 ±1200 ±1200 ±1200 ±100 ±100 ±100 40 3/3/2008
Europe UK University of Bristol (EERC) [13] 3 x 3 17 6 ±150 ±150 ±150 ±1100 ±1100 ±1100 ±60 ±60 ±60 100 29/2/2008
India India CPRI Bangalore [14] 3 x 3 10 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
India India IIT Roorkee [15] 2.5 x 2.5 20 2 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
India India SERC, Madras (1 of 2) [16] 4 x 4 30 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
India India SERC, Madras (2 of 2) [17] 2 x 2 5 3 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
India Pakistan NWFP University of Engineering & Technology Peshawar 6 x 6 ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
South America Mexico Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México (UNAM) ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
USA Alabama NASA 3 x 4.5 1 6 ±2440 ? ? ±100 ? ? ? ? ? ? ?
USA USA Civil Engineering Research Lab U.S. Army 3.6 x 3.6 45 3 ±300 ? ? ±1300 ? ? ? ? ? 60 ?
USA North Carolina Duke University [18] 1.2 x 1.2 5 1 ±75 n/a n/a ±500 n/a n/a ±50 n/a n/a 60 15/4/2008
USA New York University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (2 identical tables of 3) [19] 3.6 x 3.6 50 6 ±150 ±150 ±75 ±1250 ±1250 ±500 ±12 ±12 ±12 100 12/3/2008
USA New York University at Buffalo (State University of New York) (3 of 3) [20] 3.7 x 3.7 50 5 ±150 n/a ±75 ±762 n/a ±500 ±12 n/a ±23 50 12/3/2008
USA California University of California at Berkeley [21] 6.1 x 6.1 45 6 ±127 ±127 ±51 ±762 ±762 ±254 ±15 ±15 ±20 20 30/4/2008
USA California University of California at San Diego [22] 12.2 x 7.6 400 1 ±750 n/a n/a ±1800 n/a n/a ±10 n/a n/a 40 12/3/2008
USA Connecticut University of Connecticut [23] 1.5 x 1.5 1 1 ±150 n/a n/a ? n/a n/a ±20 n/a n/a 50 8/5/2008
USA Illinois University of Illinois at Urbana / Champaign 3.7 x 3.7 5 1 ±50 ? ? ±381 ? ? ±30 ? ? 50 ?
USA Nevada University of Nevada at Reno (3 identical tables) [24] 4.3 x 4.5 45 2 ±300 ±300 n/a ±1270 ±1270 n/a ±20 ±20 n/a 50 13/3/2008
USA Texas Rice University [25] ? 7 1 ±75 n/a n/a ±1400 n/a n/a ±20 n/a n/a 50 8/5/2008
USA New York Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute[26] 1.7 x 2.6 5 1 ±130 n/a n/a ±270 n/a n/a ±20 n/a n/a 50 8/5/2008
USA USA Wyle Laboratories (1 of 3) [27] 6.1 x 5.5 27 2 ±152 ? ? ±890 ? ? ±60 ? ? 100 12/3/2008
USA USA Wyle Laboratories (2 of 3) [28] 2.7 x 2.7 4.5 3 ±250 ±250 ±250 ±1120 ±1120 ±1120 ±45 ±45 ±45 100 12/3/2008
USA USA Wyle Laboratories (3 of 3) [29] 2.4 x 2.4 4.5 2 ±305 n/a ±228 ±1168 n/a ±838 ±70 n/a ±80 70 12/3/2008

Notes: This list is restricted to shaking tables bigger than 2m by 2m or with a capacity of more than 4 tonnes (i.e. tables suitable for seismic testing).

[edit] References

  1. ^ Chowdhury AH (1983). Shaking table testing facilities around the world. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 617-620.
  2. ^ Duarte RT (1994). Report of the EAEE Working Group 11: Development of shaking table testing techniques. Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Vienna, Austria. Vol. 4, pp. 3135-3144.
  3. ^ Kamimura K, Nakashima M (1983). Seismic test facilities for building structures in Japan. Proceedings of the 4th Engineering Mechanics Division Specialty Conference: Recent Advances in Engineering Mechanics and their Impact on Civil Engineering Practice., West Lafayette, Indiana, USA. Vol. 1, pp. 638-641.
  4. ^ EERI (1995). Assessment of earthquake engineering research and testing capabilities in the United States. Earthquake Engineering Research Institute, Committee on Experimental Research, Oakland, CA. Publication No. WP-01, pp. 1-23.
  5. ^ CRIEPI Hybrid Seismic Testing System Shaking table Retrieved 12/3/2008
  6. ^ The NIED ‘E-Defence’ Laboratory in Miki City Retrieved on 3/3/2008
  7. ^ Kajima’s English Website Retrieved on 3/3/2008
  8. ^ Public Works Research Institute large 3D shaking table Retrieved on 10/5/2008
  9. ^ NCREE's English Website Retrieved on 29/2/2008
  10. ^ NTUA Laboratory for Earthquake Engineering Retrieved on 12/3/2008
  11. ^ Bogazici University Shaking Table Laboratory Retrieved on 3/3/2008
  12. ^ Bogazici University Shaking Table Laboratory Retrieved on 3/3/2008
  13. ^ Bristol University Earthquake Engineering Research Centre Retrieved on 29/2/2008
  14. ^ Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
  15. ^ Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
  16. ^ Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
  17. ^ Earthquake Resistant design practice and research in India, The Structural Engineer, 18 March 2008
  18. ^ Duke University Structural Dynamics and the Seismic Response Control Laboratory Retrieved on 15/4/2008
  19. ^ University at Buffalo’s Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) Retrieved on 13/3/2008
  20. ^ University at Buffalo’s Structural Engineering and Earthquake Simulation Laboratory (SEESL) Retrieved on 13/3/2008
  21. ^ University of California, Berkeley, Earthquake Simulator Laboratory Retrieved on 30/4/2008
  22. ^ UCSD Large High Performance Outdoor Shake Table Retrieved 12/3/2008
  23. ^ University of Connecticut Advanced Hazards Mitigation Lab Retrieved 8/5/2008
  24. ^ NEES Equipment Site at the University of Nevada, Reno Retrieved 12/3/2008
  25. ^ Rice University, Dynamic Systems Laboratory Retrieved 8/5/2008
  26. ^ Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Structural Engineering Laboratories Retrieved 8/5/2008
  27. ^ Wyle Laboratories shaking tables Retrieved on 12/3/2008
  28. ^ Wyle Laboratories shaking tables Retrieved on 12/3/2008
  29. ^ Wyle Laboratories shaking tables Retrieved on 12/3/2008