Dysentery

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Dysentery (formerly known as flux or the bloody flux) is an infection of the digestive system that results in severe diarrhea containing mucus and blood in the feces and is typically the result of unsanitary water containing micro-organisms which damage the intestinal lining. There are two major types of dysentery due to micro-organisms: amoebic dysentery, and bacillary dysentery mainly due to one of three bacteria. Dysentery can also be caused by certain medications; for example, some steroids can impact bowel movements.[1]

Contents

[edit] Amoebic dysentery

Main article: Amoebiasis

Amoebic dysentery (or amebic dysentery) is caused by the amoeba Entamoeba histolytica.

Amoebic dysentery is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Amoebae spread by forming infective cysts which can be found in stools and spread if whoever touches them does not sanitize their hands. There are also free amoebae, or trophozoites, that do not form cysts.

Amoebic dysentery is well known as a "traveler's dysentery" because of its prevalence in developing nations, or "Montezuma's Revenge" although it is occasionally seen in industrialized countries. Liver infection, and subsequent amoebic abscesses can occur.

[edit] Bacillary dysentery

Bacillary dysentery is mostly commonly associated with three bacterial groups:

[edit] Symptoms and complications

Symptoms include frequent passage of feces/stool, loose motion and in some cases associated vomiting. Variations depending on parasites can be frequent urge with high or low volume of stool, with or without some associated mucus and even blood.

Once recovery starts, early refeeding is advocated avoiding foods containing lactose due to temporary [can persist for years] lactose intolerance.[2][3]

[edit] Treatment

See also: Amoebiasis Treatment

The first and main task in managing any episode of dysentery is to maintain fluid intake using oral rehydration therapy. If this can not be adequately maintained, either through nausea and vomiting or the profuseness of the diarrhoea, then hospital admission may be required for intravenous fluid replacement. Ideally no antimicrobial therapy is started until microbiological microscopy and culture studies have established the specific infection involved. Where laboratory services are lacking, it may be required to initiate a combination of drugs including an amoebicidal drug to kill the parasite and an antibiotic to treat any associated bacterial infection.

Amoebic dysentery can be treated with metronidazole. Mild cases of bacillary dysentery are often self-limiting and do not require antibiotics,[4] which are reserved for more severe or persisting cases; campylobacter, shigella and salmonella respond to ciprofloxacin or macrolide antibiotics.[4]

[edit] Miscellaneous references

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The article could be improved by integrating relevant items and removing inappropriate ones.
  • The band blink-182 has a song called "Dysentery Gary" in which diarrhoea is mentioned.
  • Elie Wiesel, a renowned Holocaust survivor, described in his book Night his father suffering from dysentery while imprisoned in Buchenwald, a concentration camp of Nazi Germany during the Holocaust.
  • O. Uplavici was the fictional author of the article About dysentery whose name persisted in science literature for fifty years.
  • Additionally, dying of dysentery has become a pop culture reference to the 1980s computer game, The Oregon Trail. The disease was one of several afflictions the player could die from, prompting the phrase, "You have died of dysentery."
  • Lars Eighner writes about experiencing dysentery at least once a month during the time he lived as a homeless man dumpster diving.
  • John McCain suffered from dysentery while a POW.
  • In the Woody Allen movie Annie Hall, Allen's character jokes that two leading intellectual magazines, Dissent and Commentary, had merged to form Dysentery. An oblique reference to intellectual pretense.
  • In the movie Pulp Fiction, Captain Koons played by Christopher Walken informs a young Butch Coolidge (Bruce Willis) that his father had died from dysentery after concealing a wrist watch inside of his rectum for five years.
  • Harrison Ford apparently suffered from it while filming Raiders of the Lost Ark in Tunisia; this partially resulted in his suggesting that rather than have an elaborate fight with a sword-wielding assassin, Indiana Jones should just shoot him - a now famous gag in the movie.
  • In the video game Gears of War for the Xbox 360, the character Baird says "We are going to get Dysentery from this shit!" referring to the food of the stranded people.
  • In the film Mrs. Doubtfire, Robin Williams jokes that it would terrible if his ex-wife came down with amoebic dysentery, leading to a gross and vague description of the illness by his son.
  • In the book On the Road, the main character Sal Paradise suffers from dysentery at the end of his time in Mexico.
  • Dysentery is a frequently-mentioned malady in the TV series M*A*S*H.
  • The Tom Lehrer song "In Old Mexico" (on the album An Evening Wasted with Tom Lehrer) has the lines "We ate, we drank, and we were merry/And we got typhoid and dysentery."
  • The English Privateer Sir Francis Drake died from dysentery in 1596.
  • John of England died from dysentery in 1216.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Apel, Melanie Ann (author) (2003). Amebic Dysentery (Epidemics), 1st ed., Rosen Publishing Group, pp. 13. ISBN 0823941965. 
  2. ^ DuPont HL (1978). "Interventions in diarrhoeas of infants and young children". J. Am. Vet. Med. Assoc. 173 (5 Pt 2): 649–53. PMID 359524. 
  3. ^ DeWitt TG (1989). "Acute diarrhoea in children". Pediatr Rev 11 (1): 6–13. doi:10.1542/pir.11-1-6. PMID 2664748. 
  4. ^ a b (March 2007) "Antibacterial drugs - Summary of antibacterial therapy", British National Formulary, Ed.53, p.276.