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Tituba was the first woman to confess of being a witch under pressure from Samuel Parris during the Salem witch trials of 1692 that took place in Salem Village, Massachusetts. In the mid sixteenth century Tituba lived on the island of Barbados as a slave. While Tituba lived on the island she was bought by a man named Samuel Parris along with another slave John Indian to care for his home. Sometime during the 1680’s Samuel Parris moved his family and his slaves Tituba and John to Boston, Massachusetts. In 1689 Samuel Parris became Minister of Salem Village and began to preach in the Village.

[edit] Salem Witch Trials

Tituba was the first person accused of being a witch in Salem Village which eventually led to several others (men, women, a child, and 2 dogs of which one was hanged) in Salem and the surrounding areas to be accused of witchcraft^[1].

Tituba was first accused of being a witch by 9-year-old Betty Parris, minister Samuel Parris' daughter, and her 13-year-old cousin Abigail Williams, who also lived in the Parris home. The two girls claimed to be bitten and pinched while they slept. The girls also began having fits, seizures, and comatose trances, which were eventually blamed on Tituba possibly after Dr. Griggs diagnosed an "evil hand" upon the girls. To make matters worse, they thought it would spread to all girls.The girls' claims included accusations that they felt Tituba in their dreams pinching and biting them, then whispering in their ears to cause their fits^[2].

Tituba was forced by Samuel Parris, under torture, to confess to bewitching his daughter and niece. This later led to formal accusations of bewitching the two girls on March 1, 1692, along with accusations against two other women of the village, Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne.

Tituba at first denied that she cast a spell on any of the afflicted girls, now numbering at least a half-dozen, but when pushed to confessed to witchcraft and implicated the other two women accused, as well as mentioning that there were other witches in the village as well. The ensuing search for witches led to more than 170, and perhaps as many as 300, people being arrested for witchcraft, with twenty executed for the crime.

Tituba made herself a likely target for witchcraft accusations when shortly after Parris's daughter, Betty, began having strange fits and symptoms, she participated in the preparation of a "witchcake" (a mixture of rye and Betty's urine, cooked and fed to a dog, in the belief that the dog would then reveal the identity of Betty's afflictor). Parris was enraged when he found out about the cake, and shortly thereafter the afflicted girls named Tituba as a witch. Parris and some other men tourtured her until she confessed after she got the advise from Hester who was in a jail locked up along with Tituba.

Hester gave Tituba advise to lie and say she was a witch even though she was wrongly accused and accused Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne who for no reason lied and was very mean to Tituba. Tituba was the first witch to confess in Salem, and she likely did it to avoid further punishment. In her confession she apologized for hurting Betty, claimed she never wanted to hurt Betty, and professed her love for the child. She also wove a lively tale of an active community of witches in Salem. She named Sarah Good and Sarah Osborne as witches. By confessing early on, Tituba avoided the ordeal of going to trial, joining with the afflicted girls in providing key evidence against accused witches. Tituba would later formally written a statement to deny her original claim as a witch and her testimony were all false.

This further enraged Parris, who in retaliation, refused to pay the jailer's fee to get Tituba out a prison. As a result, she spent thirteen months in jail until an unknown person paid the seven pounds for her release and bought her.

[edit] Historical debate

She murdered her family with a knife and witchcraft them.The physical description of Tituba from the first time she was studied by a historian to the present study of her life has had controversy surrounding it. The argument of Tituba’s ancestry has gained more and more attention day by day. In the beginning of the scholarly study of Tituba it was considered to be an assumed fact that Tituba was of Indian descent^[3]. But over time the origins of Tituba have begun to be re-evaluated and old theories have been contested. There are references to the original document of a bill of lading in Barbados of entering Tattuba and her place of origin as of the village of Amerindian occupation.

The debate over whether Tituba was of Indian ethnicity or of African ancestry cannot be resolved with the evidence available today. One scholar who tries to explain why the debate cannot be resolved is Veta Smith Ticker^[4]. Smith writes

17th-century Puritans blended the categories Indian, African, and slave…In seventeenth century Massachusetts, such discriminations among unregenerate peoples of color were considered unnecessary, especially for slaves. By 1692 Columbus's error had yielded a catchall term…applied to the Guanahani, the Caribbe, the Aztecs, and West Indies Africans…

This passage from the Ticker article sets the background on how the debate over the ethnicity of Tituba’s origins can still be going today. Since there was no clear distinction by the Puritans on the racial differences between Indians, Africans, and slaves it remains hard to truly identify Tituba’s origin. This however is not the only reason for the scholarly debate over the identity of Tituba. Another reason is covered by Chadwick Hansen. In Hansen's article the issue of the racial identity of witches during Puritan times is addressed. Hansen states ^[5]

Over the years the magic Tituba practiced has been changed by historians and dramatists from English, to Indian, to African. More startlingly, her own race has been changed from Indian, to half-Indian and half-Negro, to Negro…There is no evidence to support these changes, but there is an instructive lesson in American historiography to be read in them.

Hansen explains that due to further research into Tituba’s origins that American historians feel more comfortably with labeling Tituba a practicer of Indian, or African magic as long as it is not connected to any form of European magic. These sources show why the historical debate over Tituba’s beginning are just as relevant as the part that Tituba played in the Salem witch trials.

[edit] Fiction

Tituba, as portrayed in the 19th century by artist Alfred Fredericks in W. C. Bryant's "A Popular History of the United States"

Tituba is the protagonist of the novel I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem (1982) by Maryse Condé*, she also featured prominently in the play The Crucible by Arthur Miller. The image of Tituba as the instigator of witchcraft at Salem fed into the popular mindset by the opening scene of The Crucible, which owes much to Marion Starkey’s work "The Devil in Massachusetts" (1949).

In the play, Tituba was brought to Salem from Barbados, was told to know how to conjure up spirits, and had allegedly dabbled in sorcery, witchcraft, and Satanism. These fictional accounts hold that Abigail Williams and the other girls tried to use her knowledge when dancing in the woods before the trials began; it was, in fact, their being caught that preceded those events. With the original intention of covering up their own sinful deeds, Tituba was the one to be accused by Abigail, who had in fact drank from a magic cup Tituba made, to kill John Proctor's wife Elizabeth and to bewitch him into loving her. She and the other girls claimed to have seen Tituba "with the Devil."

It is ironic that the belief that Tituba led these girls astray has persisted in popular lore, fiction and non fiction alike. The charge, which is seen by some as having barely disguised racial undertones, is based on the imagination of authors like Starkey, who eerily mirrors Salem’s accusers when she asserts that "I have invented the scenes with Tituba .... but they are what I really believe happened."

Tituba is also the main character in the book "Tituba of Salem Village" by Ann Petry.

• Though it should be noted that according to I, Tituba: Black Witch of Salem, Tituba was born in Barbados as the result of an English sailor raping her mother, Abena (who had "jet black skin", which is evidence that Abena and Tituba were of African descent, rather than Indian). The book also says that Abena (as well as two male slaves bought with her) were Ashantis. In the book, Tituba is never associated by blood with any Indian people. Though this book is fiction on all accounts.

[edit] References

[edit] External links

• Link to Salem witchcraft video[1]
• Link to information on Barbados[2]