Durin
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- For other uses, see Durin (Norse mythology)
Durin is the name of seven Kings of Dwarves in J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium. They were held by the Dwarves to be the reincarnations of the first one, Durin the Deathless, resembling him in appearance and said to have preserved memories of their 'earlier lives'.[1]
Tolkien took the name "Durin", like most of the dwarf names in his work, from Norse mythology. This he later explained by the translation fiction: since Westron was translated with English, the language of Dale, used by Dwarves for their "outer" names, was translated with Old Norse.
Discussions of the Durins (specifically in The Peoples of Middle-earth) must be read with care, since their number expanded as Tolkien's story developed. The Durin killed by the Balrog in T.A. 1980, for example, was originally Durin III, but Durin VI in The Lord of the Rings. (And a common typo on the Web lists him as "Durin IV".)
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[edit] Durin the Deathless
Durin the Deathless was the eldest of the Seven Fathers of the Dwarves. Durin was created by Aulë the Vala during the First Age. He was named "the Deathless" as he lived to a far greater age than any other dwarf, and he was revered by all dwarves as the eldest of their race.
Each of the seven Fathers founded a house of Dwarves. Durin's house was called the Longbeards. His people were known as Durin's folk
According to the traditions of the Dwarves, he was set to sleep alone beneath Mount Gundabad in the north of the Misty Mountains, which remained a sacred place to them ever after. He awakened some time after the creation of the Elves in Y.T. 1050, and according to an early version of the story[2] travelled great distances to other Dwarf kindreds, where other Dwarves joined him. He arrived at the Mirrormere, a lake in a valley below Caradhras in the Misty Mountains, and there founded what became the greatest and richest of the Mansions of the Dwarves: Khazad-dûm (Dwarrowdelf), afterward called Moria (meaning 'Dark Chasm' in Sindarin).
In the published version of the story, Durin died before the end of the First Age.[3] An early version of Appendix B ("The Tale of Years") had him leading Dwarves from the ruin of Beleriand to found Khazad-dûm at the beginning of the Second Age;[4] but Tolkien abandoned that line.
After Durin died, Khazad-dûm was ruled by "many generations" of his descendants, until the Balrog appeared in Moria. In this long line, Tolkien writes, there appeared occasionally "an heir so like to his Forefather that he received the name of Durin."[5] More complete versions of the account of Durin's Folk[6] make clear that the later Durins appeared scattered amongst many generations. These six further Durins were believed by the Dwarves to be reincarnations (or even reanimations) of Durin I, with memories of his earlier lives.[7]
In T.A. 2989, during the unsuccessful attempt to recolonize Moria, Balin's party evidently found Durin's Axe.[8] Though not stated in the text, many have concluded that this was an heirloom lost when Durin VI was killed by the Balrog in T.A. 1981[9] (A helm is also mentioned, not identified in the text as Durin's, from which some have conjectured "Durin's Helm" as well.) These were evidently lost again when Balin's party was destroyed in T.A. 2994.
[edit] Durin II
Tolkien records nothing about his reign. There are indications that the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm had an agreement with early Men from the Vales of Anduin, who provided them food in return for Dwarven weapons.[citation needed] This cooperation developed into co-ordinated attacks against the Orcs, with the dwarf heavy infantry complemented by mounted archers from the vales.[citation needed]
[edit] Durin III
He ruled circa S.A. 1600 and was the first bearer of one of the Seven Rings,[10] although this was not widely known until the end of the Third Age. The Dwarves believed he had been given his ring by the Elven-smiths and not by Sauron, though Sauron was involved in the making. Durin III allied his forces with Eregion during the War of the Elves and Sauron, but they were unable to save that realm from destruction, which resulted in a long period of isolation and gradual dwindling in Khazad-dûm.
Hammond and Scull[11] conclude that Durin III was King of Khazad-dûm when the West Gate of Moria was constructed, the Durin whose name appears on the door. (It was made while the Dwarves were allied with Celebrimbor.) This is a reasonable inference but appears to be unsupported by direct evidence from Tolkien. (Foster[12] suggests that the Gate was constructed earlier, under Durin II.)
[edit] Durin IV
Tolkien records nothing of his reign. He would have lived in Khazad-dûm in the late Second or early Third Age.
A persistent rumour on the Web holds that Durin IV was the king who led the Dwarves from Khazad-dûm to fight against Sauron with the Last Alliance at the end of the Second Age. Tolkien indicates that Dwarves of Durin's Folk did fight with the Last Alliance,[13] but he does not say under which king they fought.
[edit] Durin V
Tolkien records nothing of his reign.
[edit] Durin VI
Durin VI was King of the Dwarves of Khazad-dûm in the Third Age, when their deep mining for mithril under Caradhras aroused a Balrog from its hiding place in the depths. The creature killed Durin in T.A. 1980, and became known as Durin's Bane. Durin VI was the first reincarnation of Durin the Deathless to be slain.[citation needed] He was succeeded by his son, Náin I, who was killed by the Balrog in the following year, after which the ancient city was abandoned by its people.
[edit] Durin VII
Durin VII or Durin the Last was the direct descendant of king Thorin III Stonehelm (according to some sources, his son),[14] ruler of Erebor and the Iron Hills in the Fourth Age. His birth was apparently prophesied upon the accession of Dáin II after the Battle of Five Armies[15] (although no record exists of the actual prophecy itself). He led Durin's Folk back to recolonize Khazad-dûm some (unspecified) time after the beginning of the Fourth Age, where they remained "until the world grew old and the Dwarves failed and the days of Durin's race were ended".[16]
[edit] References
- ^ J. R. R. Tolkien (1996), Christopher Tolkien, ed., The Peoples of Middle-earth, Boston: Houghton Mifflin, "Of Dwarves and Men", ISBN 0-395-82760-4
- ^ The Peoples of Middle-earth, p. 322.
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix A, part III.
- ^ The Peoples of Middle-earth, p. 173.
- ^ The Return of the King, Appendix A, (III) "Durin's Folk".
- ^ The Peoples of Middle Earth, pp. 275, 279, 383.
- ^ The Peoples of Middle Earth, pp. 383-4.
- ^ The Fellowship of the Ring, "The Bridge of Khazad-dûm".
- ^ Foster, Guide to Middle-earth, "Durin's Axe".
- ^ Return of the King, Appendix A, Section III
- ^ The Lord of the Rings, A Reader's Companion, p. 281: reference to p. 306 in LOTR.
- ^ The Complete Guide to Middle-earth, "Durin II".
- ^ The Silmarillion, "Of the Rings of Power and the Third Age", p. 294.
- ^ The Peoples of Middle-earth: "The Making of Appendix A", '(iv) Durin's Folk', p. 279.
- ^ The Peoples of Middle-earth: "The Making of Appendix A", '(iv) Durin's Folk', p. 383.
- ^ The Peoples of Middle-earth: "The Making of Appendix A", '(iv) Durin's Folk', p. 278.
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