Duke Xiang of Song

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Duke Xiang of Song (宋襄公) (died 637 BC) was the leader in the state of Song in the Spring and Autumn Period. His name was Zifu (子茲甫) and he took his throne in 650 BC.

After the death of Duke Huan of Qi (齊桓公), he wanted to become the next hegemon, and made war with Chu. In 638 BC he attacked the state of Zheng and met the troops from Chu, who were running to save Zheng. Instead of giving the enemy a surprise attack, he waited for the enemy to go across the river in order to be a real Ren (仁) gentleman. In the battle of Hongshui (泓水之戰) against the much stronger and fully prepared enemy, Duke Xiang’s troops were defeated thoroughly and he himself was badly hurt. He died in the following year.

Despite his failure in expansion, he is considered one of the Five Hegemons by some historians.