Duke Louis Ernest of Brunswick-Lüneburg

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Ludwig Ernst von Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern
1718-1788

Ludwig Ernst van Brunswick-Lüneburg-Bevern
Place of birth Wolfenbüttel
Place of death Eisenach
Allegiance Holy Roman Empire, Dutch Republic
Service/branch Army
Years of service 1737-786
Rank Field marshal / captain-general
Commands held Alt-Wolfenbüttel Infantry Regiment, entire Dutch Army
Battles/wars Ottoman Wars, Second Silesian War, War of the Austrian Succession, Battle of Soor, Battle of Roucoux, Battle of Lauffeldt
Relations Ferdinand Albert II (father)
Anton Ulrich (brother)
Czar Ivan VI (nephew)
Charles William Ferdinand, Duke of Brunswick (nephew)

Ludwig Ernst von Braunschweig-Lüneburg-Bevern (25 September 1718, Wolfenbüttel - 12 May 1788, Eisenach) was a field-marshal in the armies of the Holy Roman Empire and the Republic of the Seven Netherlands. From 1751 to 1766 he was the Captain-General of the Netherlands, where he was known as the Duke of Brunswick or (to distinguish him from his eldest brother Charles, who succeeded to their father's title of Duke of Brunswick-Bevern) Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbüttel. He was probably one of the first victims of the media in Dutch history. [1]

Contents

[edit] Family

He was the third son of Ferdinand Albert II, Duke of Brunswick-Lüneburg and Antoinette Amalie von Braunschweig. He had family ties with various European royal houses. The family was linked by blood to the royal houses in London and Berlin. His brother Anton Ulrich had married Anna Leopoldovna, a Russian princess and cousin of Czarina Anna. (Their son Ivan - Ludwig's nephew - was appointed czar of Russia on his birth). His youngest sister Juliana Maria married Frederick V of Denmark in 1752. Maria Theresa of Austria and Wilhelmina of Prussia were his cousin (their mothers were sisters) and niece (her mother was Ludwig's sister Louise Amalie). In addition, Wilhelmina's daughter Frederika Luise Wilhelmine, Princess of Orange-Nassau, married Karl Georg August, a grandson of Ludwig's brother Charles. Rarely were royal houses so interrelated other as in his case, and this factor was probably the main reason for his supporting the Dutch policy of neutrality during the Seven Years' War.[2]

[edit] Life

In the year 1737, he entered the imperial military as Oberst and commander of the Alt-Wolfenbüttel infantry regiments. He took part in the Ottoman Wars from September 1739 until the Treaty of Belgrade. He entered the Netherlands in May 1740 as an Austrian major-general.

[edit] Duke of Kurland

After the demise of the duke of Kurland, Ludwig was elected his successor on 27 June 1741 with the support of his cousin Maria Theresa of Austria. He then went to St Petersburg in connection with this title, and seems to have been interested in marriage with Elizabeth of Russia. However, upon Elizabeth's palace coup on 6 December 1741, his nephew Ivan and all Ivan's German advisers lost their positions, resulting in their exile, imprisonment or departure. Ludwig lost his Dukedom of Kurland due to the coup and returned to Germany in 1742.

[edit] War of the Austrian Succession

He took part in the Second Silesian War from 1744 as an Austrian field-marshal and therefore fought against his brothers and many of his other relatives, who mostly took the side of Prussia. In the battle of Soor on 30 September 1745, he was seriously wounded, but seems to have appeared on the military scene in the Netherlands as early as the spring of 1746. On 11 October 1746, during the War of the Austrian Succession, he took part in the battle of Roucoux against France. In the following year, he fought in the battle of Lauffeldt as Feldzeugmeister or supreme artillery commander, and met stadholder William IV, Prince of Orange, then involved in border battles against France.

[edit] Regent of the Netherlands

Dutch caricature of the Duke
Dutch caricature of the Duke

In 1749 he entered the Dutch army as a field marshal by request of William IV, for twenty thousand guilders per annum, although he also retained his position as an Austrian field-marshal and Protestant Generalfeldzeugmeister of the Holy Roman Empire. William's wife Anne was initially sceptical about his appointment and opposed it.

In 1751 he became the governor of the garrison city of Bois-le-Duc, where the stadholder had had particular influence since 1629. After the death of William IV on 22 October 1751 and Anne's appointment as Queen Mother and regent, Ludwig was appointed captain-general (commander-in-chief) of the Netherlands, reorganising the higher strata of the army. England and Prussia asked him to command the allied armies in the Seven Years' War, but Ludwig refused out of respect for the Dutch Republic's neutrality.[3]

From the death of William V's mother Anne in 1759 to William's majority in 1766, he was William's guardian and led the Netherlands' state affairs in his name. The prince called Ludwig his second father, but the Frisian nobility under Onno Zwier van Haren opposed Ludwig. Simultaneously Ludwig began reforming the stadholder system that had previously appointed qualified persons to the regions in reward for their loyalty. Such favorites had been supposed to take care of local disputes independently. [4] As a result, there was no efficient administrative device in the Republic, nor an equitable apportioning of offices. The prince, losing himself in the details, made it known that he valued advice, which, however, he usually sent back by return of post without any alterations. For a over dozen years he had been drilled by Brunswick and Fagel to believe that his only job was to sign the documents they placed in front of him (and judging from his signature, he was not very good at that).[5]

[edit] William's coming of age

After 1766, the Duke was kept on at the irresolute William's request as his privy councillor and as a Dutch field-marshal, with the object, it is thought by some, to keep William's older sister Carolina in check. The "Act of Advisorship" had been set up in secret by the Lord Advocate, Pieter van Bleiswijk, and under this Act Ludwig was to furnish advice by request only. [6] Earlier plans to put in place an advisory council were thus frustrated and in addition, several jealous Dutch noblemen were passed over in favour of the Duke.

It is not impossible that Ludwig was instrumental in bringing Prince William V into contact with his niece, Princess Wilhelmina of Prussia. The duke had immediately observed that the princess craved joint rule in state affairs and so was starting to undermine Ludwig's dominant position. In long letters she complained about Ludwig to her uncle Frederick the Great.

[edit] Problems and exile

Ludwig's accumulated positions and tangled interests led to problems.[7] As early as 1771 there was talk of an attempt on his life in the Hague, but the bullet fired at him passed between his bones. (Rumour had it that an earlier bullet had hit him in his private parts.) Pieter Paulus in 1773 gained national recognition through his book on the stadholder system, in which he took opposition against the Duke of Brunswick. In August 1781 resistance against the duke broke out once more, and was led by the Patriots. The Amsterdam mayor Joachim Rendorp pleaded for an advisory council for the prince. The duke was not known as someone who could muster much sympathy for democracy: as a soldier, the notion of rule by majority vote was alien to him. The anti-stadholder party, which gave him the nickname of "the Bulky Duke" (consistent with Frederick the Great's inkling to call him "Fat Louis") recognised the decline of the fleet, the rise of the national army, the outbreak of the Fourth Anglo-Dutch War and the loss of the border towns in the southern Netherlands, and apportioned the blame for all these to Ludwig first and foremost. [8] The Patriots argued that Ludwig had outrageously neglected the education of the stadholder, so that the stadholder was now unable to take decisions on his own. On 24 May 1782, the duke voluntarily left the Hague and retreated to Government House (the "Gouvernementshuis") in Bois-le-Duc. (It is now the Noord-Brabant Museum).

In the disputes with the Austrian emperor Jozef II over the buffer-cities and the 'Kettle War', Ludwig was mistrusted due to his family ties with the emperor and accused of high treason and of selling out on Maastricht. In Issue no. 214 of the patriotic magazine Post van den Neder Rhijn ("the Lower-Rhenish Post"), the Act of Advisorship was made public. On 14 October 1784, Ludwig laid down all his offices and left Bois-le-Duc to its new governor, Robert Douglas.

[edit] Exile

Ludwig, right, with his Scottish-born successor Robert Douglas, painted in 1786 by Jacobus Vrijmoet
Ludwig, right, with his Scottish-born successor Robert Douglas, painted in 1786 by Jacobus Vrijmoet

Inm 1785, the duke lived in Aachen for a short time. The patriots tried to get hold of his correspondence, using both intrigue and force.[9] Throughout Europe, the nobility came under heavy criticism, and some of the Patriots (anticipating the fate of the nobility and its privileges) followed suit, making public all records relating to the duke so as to broadcast news of his fall right across the continent. The patriots were also energetic that year in organizing provincial armies and exercising free corps and exercitiegenootschappen (military societies) with democratically chosen officers, leading to a war in September 1786 that came close to erupting into civil war.

Brunswick stayed in Eisenach from 1786, where, with the help of August Ludwig von Schlözer, he wrote his Autobiography and its sequel, his Defence. Both works were soon translated from their original German into Dutch. He was in close contact with the court at Weimar, especially with his niece, Duchess Anna Amalia, and with Duke Karl August. Ludwig's nephew, the Duke of Brunswijk-Wolfenbüttel, occupied the Dutch Republic on 13 September 1787, forcing many Patriots to flee the country.

Ludwig died in Eisenach in 1788 and was buried in the Welf family vault in Brunswick Cathedral. His diary, now in the Niedersächsisches Staatsarchiv in Wolfenbüttel, has yet to be studied.

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Klein, S.R.E. (1995) Patriots Republikanisme. Politieke cultuur in Nederland (1766-1787), p. 12.
  2. ^ Wijnen, H. van (1987) Vorst Willem, het is alles uw schuld! Oranje en de ondergang van de Republiek bij de omwentelingen 1787-1795, p. 95.
  3. ^ Bootsma, N.A. (1962) De hertog van Brunswijk, 1750-1759 - Assen: Van Gorcum, Historische Bibliotheek; 69.
  4. ^ M.A.M. Franken (2000) Dienaar van Oranje. Andries Schimmelpennick van der Oije 1705-1776. Een politieke en bestuurlijke levensbeschrijving van een Gelders luitenant-stadhouder, p. 186-9, 229.
  5. ^ Schama, S. (2005) Patriots and Liberators: Revolution in the Netherlands, 1780-1813, p. 55-9.
  6. ^ Rowen, H.H. (1988) The princes of Orange, p. 196-7; Leeb, I.L. (1973) The Ideological Origins of the Batavian Revolution, p. 111-2.
  7. ^ (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise, Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806, p. 1092-3. Clarendon Press, Oxford.
  8. ^ Schama, S. (1977) Patriots and Liberators. Revolution in the Netherlands 1780 - 1830, p. 55-6.
  9. ^ Schlözer, A.L. (1786) Lodewijk Ernst, hertog van Brunswyk en Lunenburg ... Echte bescheiden Van het gedrag ten opzigte zijner aanzienlijke waardigheden, als Veldmaarschalk, Voogd en Reprezentant van ... den Heere Erfstadhouder P.W. de V. van Oranje; in de Vereenigde Nederlanden.

[edit] Bibliography

  • C. Römer, Braunschweig-Bevern, Ein Fürstenhaus als europäische Dynastie 1667 – 1884, S. 68, Braunschweig, 1997.

[edit] External links