Duck-billed Buntingi

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Duck-billed Buntingi
Conservation status
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Beloniformes
Family: Adrianichthyidae
Genus: Adrianichthys
Species: A. kruyti
Binomial name
Andrianichthys kruyti
Weber, 1913

The Duck-billed Buntingi (Adrianichthys kruyti) is one of three fish species (besides Weberogobius amadi[1] and Xenopoecilus poptae) endemic of Lake Poso, Indonesia.[2] It was discovered by Max Wilhelm Carl Weber on his Siboga expedition to Indonesia.[3]

Contents

[edit] Description

The Duck-billed Buntingi is on average about 11cm long[4] but can grow as long as 16cm in length.[5] Despite their size they were sometimes caught by local fishermen and eaten[4]. The Duck-billed Buntingi has 14-16 dorsal soft rays and 24-25 anal soft rays.[5] Its defining characteristic, which separates Adrianichthys from all other members of the family, Adrianichthyidae, is its peculiar "duck-bill," or overhanging upper jaw.[5] It has eyes that protrude above the dorsal profile of its head and are visible from below. Its also has 14-16 rays in dorsal fin and about 75 scales in lateral row.[5]

[edit] Conservation

Some local fisherman living near Lake Poso attribute the Duck-billed Buntingi's dramatic decrease in population to the massive eruption of Colo Volcano on Una-Una Island in Tomini Bay in 1983[4]. This is unlikely to be the case. Instead most scientists believe the human introduction of the predatory fishes including snakehead, Channa striata, and tilapia, Oreochromis mossambicus, most likely lead to their present conservation status.

[edit] Conservation Status

The Duck-billed Buntingi's status on the IUCN Red List changed from "endangered" to "critically endangered" in 1996.[2] Historically the species was not closely monitored so it is unclear when the species population began to decrease. It was listed as "endangered" until 1996 when Harrison and Stiassny published an article claiming that the Duck-billed Buntingi could be extinct, which led to the World Conservation Union changing the status of that species from "endangered" to "critically endangered" on the IUCN Red List.[2] The matter has been referred to the relevant Specialist Group for a decision. [2] Harrison and Stiassny believe that one of the possible causes for the extinction or decline in the A. kruyti population was an introduced disease or parasite. [1]

[edit] Conservation History

  • 1988 Endangered (IUCN Conservation Monitoring Centre 1988)
  • 1990 Endangered (IUCN 1990)
  • 1994 Endangered (Groombridge 1994)
  • 1996 Critically Endangered (IUCN 1996)

[edit] Ecology

The Duck-billed Buntingi only live in Lake Poso which is a freshwater body with a pH range: 7.5 – 8.5.[5] Although little is known about their reproductive tendencies, their predators, or who they prey on, one of their closest relatives, the Xenopoecilus poptae, may serve to give us some indication of the Duck-billed Buntingi's biology. .[4] X. poptae was said to have congregated in great shoals of 12-15 m deep from November to January. [4] X. poptae reproductive systems are atypical they are believed to have voided eggs that hatched on contact with the lake water. [4]

[edit] References

  1. ^ a b Harrison, Ian J. and Melanie L. J. Stiassny (1999). "The Quiet Crisis," Plenlum Publishers: New York
  2. ^ a b c d Kottelat, M. 1996. "Adrianichthys kruyti". In: IUCN 2006. 2006 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. <www.iucnredlist.org>. Accessed 22 April 2007.
  3. ^ Thompson, D'Arcy Wentworth. "Max Wilhelm Carl Weber, 1852-1937." 'Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society.' The Royal Society: 1938.
  4. ^ a b c d e f Whitten et al: "One or More Extinctions from Sulawesi, Indonesia?". Conservation Biology, 1987
  5. ^ a b c d e Cruz, Tess. "Adrianichthys kruyti: Duckbilled Buntingi". www.fishbase.org. Accessed April 23, 2007.
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