Duchy of Silesia

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Fragmentation of Poland betweens the sons of Bolesław:      The Seniorate Province, composed of the Eastern Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Western Kuyavia, Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land      Silesian Province of Władysław II      Masovian Province of Bolesław IV      Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III      Sandomir Province of Henryk      Province of Bolesław's widow, Salomea, composed of Łęczyca Land - to revert to seniorate province upon her death      Pomeranian vassals of the ruler of the seniorate province
Fragmentation of Poland betweens the sons of Bolesław:      The Seniorate Province, composed of the Eastern Greater Poland, Lesser Poland, Western Kuyavia, Łęczyca Land and Sieradz Land      Silesian Province of Władysław II      Masovian Province of Bolesław IV      Greater Poland Province of Mieszko III      Sandomir Province of Henryk      Province of Bolesław's widow, Salomea, composed of Łęczyca Land - to revert to seniorate province upon her death      Pomeranian vassals of the ruler of the seniorate province

The Duchy of Silesia (German: Herzogtum Schlesien) was a medieval duchy located in Silesia. Soon after it was formed in 1163, it fragmented into various Duchies of Silesia (starting with 1163).

As the Silesian Province (Polish: dzielnica śląska), the duchy was one of five main provinces established in medieval Poland according to the Testament of Bolesław III Krzywousty. From 1138-1146 it was controlled by the Senior Duke of Poland, Władysław II the Exile, who soon lost his status as the senior duke after his failed bid to take control of the entire Kingdom. Until 1163 the duchy was under the control of Bolesław IV the Curly. With support from Frederick I, Holy Roman Emperor, Władysław's sons were able to return to the duchy in 1163.

1172-1177. Fragmentation of the duchy begins, divided between: first son of Władysław, Bolesław I the Tall (orange); second son of Władyslaw, Mieszko I Plątonogi (yellow); son of Bolesław, Jarosław Opolski (green)
1172-1177. Fragmentation of the duchy begins, divided between: first son of Władysław, Bolesław I the Tall (orange); second son of Władyslaw, Mieszko I Plątonogi (yellow); son of Bolesław, Jarosław Opolski (green)
1177-1185. Creation of the Duchy of Głogów (dark green) for the fourth, youngest brother, Konrad I
1177-1185. Creation of the Duchy of Głogów (dark green) for the fourth, youngest brother, Konrad I

Władysław's sons divided the duchy among themselves; this led to the creation of several duchies of Silesia. His second elder son, Bolesław I the Tall, received Middle Silesia and Lower Silesia, with Wrocław (Breslau) as his capital, thus Duchy of Wrocław (sometimes also misleadingly known as Duchy of Silesia, due to its size) was created. The next youngest son, Mieszko I Tanglefoot, received Racibórz and Cieszyn (Teschen); this resulted in the creation of Duchy of Racibórz. After a brief war between the brothers, Duchy of Opole, with capital in Opole (Oppeln) would be created in 1201 for the eldest brother, Jarosław Opolski (who was not content with an ecclesiastical career). The youngest son, Konrad I, received Głogów, this led to the creation of the Duchy of Głogów in 1180.

The subdivision of the duchy increased over the following generations and accompanied the fragmentation of Poland. Affiliated with the Kingdom of Bohemia in the 14th century, some of these duchies were reintegrated into the Kingdom of Poland, but most of them became part of the Holy Roman Empire in 1348. After the inheritance of Bohemia by the Habsburg Monarchy in 1526, the Bohemian-Silesian duchies gradually passed under the control of Austria.

King Frederick II of Prussia invaded Austrian Silesia in 1740 and annexed most of the duchies during the 18th century Silesian Wars. The bulk of the Duchy of Silesia was subsequently reorganized as part of the Prussian Province of Silesia, while the duchies remaining under Austrian control were reconstituted as the Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia in 1742. The duchies which had remained in Poland were subsequently annexed by Prussia and Austria during the 18th century Partitions of Poland. The Duchy of Upper and Lower Silesia lasted until 1918, when it was divided between the Second Polish Republic and Czechoslovakia after World War I.