Douglas DC-3
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| Douglas DC-3 | |
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 A DC-3 operated by Flygande Veteraner in Sweden |
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| Type | Airliner and transport aircraft |
| Manufacturer | Douglas Aircraft Company |
| Designed by | Arthur E. Raymond, chief engineer |
| Maiden flight | December 17, 1935 |
| Status | >400 in limited use |
| Number built | >13,000 |
| Developed from | Douglas DC-2 |
| Variants | C-47 Skytrain Lisunov Li-2 |
The Douglas DC-3 is an American fixed-wing, propeller-driven aircraft whose speed and range revolutionized air transport in the 1930s and 1940s. Because of its lasting impact on the airline industry and World War II, it is generally regarded as one of the most significant transport aircraft ever made.
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[edit] History
The DC-3 was engineered by a team led by chief engineer Arthur E. Raymond, and first flew on December 17, 1935 (the 32nd anniversary of the Wright Brothers flight at Kitty Hawk). The aircraft was the result of a marathon phone call from American Airlines CEO Cyrus Smith to Donald Douglas requesting the design of an improved successor to the DC-2. The amenities of the DC-3 (including sleeping berths on early "DST" -- Douglas Sleeper Transport -- models and an in-flight kitchen) popularized air travel in the United States. With only three refueling stops, eastbound transcontinental flights across the US taking approximately 15 hours became possible. Westbound trips took 17 hours 30 minutes due to typical prevailing headwinds - still a significant improvement over the competing Boeing 247. Before the arrival of the DC-3, such a trip would entail short hops in commuter aircraft, during the day, coupled with train travel overnight.
Early U.S. airlines like United, American, TWA and Eastern ordered over 400 DC-3s. These fleets paved the way for the modern American air travel industry, quickly replacing trains as the favored means of long-distance travel across the United States. Piedmont Airlines operated DC-3s from 1948 to 1963. One of Piedmont's DC-3s, operated by the Carolinas Aviation Museum, continues to fly to air shows today and has been used in various movies. Both Delta and Continental Airlines operate "commemorative" DC-3s.
During World War II, many civilian DC-3s were drafted for the war effort and nearly 10,000 military versions of the DC-3 were built, under the designations C-47, C-53, R4D and Dakota. Peak production of the type was reached in 1944 with 4853 being delivered. The armed forces of many countries used the DC-3 and its military variants for the transport of troops, cargo and wounded. Licensed copies were built in Japan as Showa L2D (487 aircraft) and in the USSR as the Lisunov Li-2 (between 2200 and 4900 aircraft, per varying sources).
After the war, thousands of surplus C-47s were converted to civil service and became the standard equipment of almost all the world's airlines, remaining in front-line service for many years. The ready availability of ex-military examples of this cheap, easily-maintained aircraft (it was both large and fast by the standards of the day) jump-started the worldwide, post-war air transport industry.
Douglas had developed an improved version, with a greater cargo capacity and a different wing, which it attempted to sell during this time frame but with all these surplus aircraft, the Super DC-3 did not sell in the civil market. The US Navy had 100 of their early R4Ds converted to Super DC-3 standard as the R4D-8, later C-117D.
Numerous attempts were made to design a "DC-3 replacement", over the next three decades (including the very successful Fokker Friendship) but no single type could match the versatility, rugged reliability and economy of the DC-3 and it remained a significant part of air transport systems, well into the 1970s. Even today, over 70 years after the DC-3 first flew, there are still small operators with DC-3s in revenue service and as cargo planes. The common saying among aviation buffs and pilots is that "the only replacement for a DC-3 is another DC-3." The aircraft's legendary ruggedness is enshrined in the lighthearted description of the DC-3 as "a collection of parts flying in loose formation." Its ability to take off and land on grass or dirt runways also makes it popular in developing countries, where the runways may not always be a paved surface.
Some of the more common uses of the DC3 have been aerial spraying, freight transport, passenger service, military transport and sport skydiving shuttling.
[edit] Production
10,655 DC-3s were built at Santa Monica, California and Long Beach, California in both civil and military versions. Over 2000 were built in Russia, under license, as the Lisunov Li-2 (NATO reporting name: Cab). 485 were built in Japan, as the L2D Type 0 transport. More than 400 remained in commercial service, in 1998.
A wide variety of engines was fitted to the DC-3 throughout the course of production. The original civilian airplanes used Wright R-1820 Cyclone 9s, but later aircraft (and the majority of military ships) used the Pratt & Whitney R-1830 Double Wasp radial which offered better high-altitude and single engine performance. A few Pratt & Whitney R-2000 radials saw use. Some DC-3s were upgraded to use Rolls-Royce Dart (as in the Conroy Turbo Three), Armstrong Siddeley Mamba, or Pratt & Whitney PT6A turbines.
In 1987, Airtech Canada offered aircraft re-engined with current-production PZL ASz-62IT radial engines of 1,000 hp (745 kW) as the DC-3/2000.
The Basler BT-67 is a conversion of the DC-3. Basler refurbishes DC-3s, fitting them with Pratt & Whitney Canada PT-6 turbo-prop engines, lengthening the fuselage by over 3 feet (0.91 m) and strengthening the airframes in selected areas.
Braddick Specialised Air Services International PTY Ltd. (BSAS International) is another company to perform the "turbo-prop" conversion to DC3's designated by the Pratt & Whitney engine model PT6, over 50 DC3/C47 65ARTP / 67RTP / 67FTP's have been build and may been seen in operation around the world.
[edit] Specifications (DC-3)
General characteristics
- Crew: 2
- Capacity: 21-32 passengers
- Length: 64 ft 5 in (19.7 m)
- Wingspan: 95 ft 0 in (29.0 m)
- Height: 16 ft 11 in (5.16 m)
- Wing area: 987 ft² (91.7 m²)
- Empty weight: 18,300 lb (8,300 kg)
- Loaded weight: 25,200 lb (25,346 with deicing boots, 26,900 in some freight versions) (11,400 kg)
- Powerplant: 2× Wright Cyclone 9 R-1820 series (earliest aircraft) or Pratt & Whitney Twin Wasp S1C3G in the C-47 and later civilian aircraft, 1,100 or 1,200 hp (890 kW) max rating, depending upon engine and model (895 kW) each
- Propellers: 3-bladed Hamilton Standard 23E50 series hydraulically controlled constant speed, feathering
Performance
- Maximum speed: 237 mph (206 knots, 381 km/h (=Never Exceed Speed (VNE), or Redline speed))
- Cruise speed: 150 mph (130 knots, 240 km/h)
- Range: 1,025 mi (890 nm, 1,650 km)
- Service ceiling 24,000 ft (7,300 m)
- Rate of climb: 1,130 ft/min (5.73 m/s) initial
- Wing loading: 25.5 lb/ft² (125 kg/m²)
- Power/mass: 0.0952 hp/lb (157 W/kg)
[edit] See also
Related development
Comparable aircraft
Related lists
[edit] References
- Gradidge, Jennifer M. The Douglas DC-1/DC-2/DC-3 The First Seventy Years Volumes One and Two. Air-Britain, London, 2006. ISBN 0-85130-332-3.
- Francillon, René (1979). McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Since 1920: Volume I. London: Putnam. ISBN 0-87021-428-4.
- Yenne, Bill (1985). McDonnell Douglas: A Tale of Two Giants. Greenwich, Connecticut: Bison Books. ISBN 0-517-44287-6.
- Pearcy, Arthur (1995). Douglas Propliners: DC-1 - DC-7. Shrewsbury: Airlife Publishing. ISBN 1-85310-261-X.
[edit] External links
- douglasdc3.com A very comprehensive graphically impressive Douglas DC-3 specific site
- Hello-We are the DC-3/Dakota Historical Society
- The Online DC-3 Aviation Museum
- Centennial of flight Commission on the DC-3
- Aviation Records on the DC-3
- Aviation History on the DC-3
- Airliners.net DC-3
- Flying Piedmont Airlines DC-3, formerly owned and operated by Piedmont Airlines, and US Air
- Pionair Airline flying restored DC-3s (Current primary aircraft is the Convair CV-580, a turboprop conversion of the Convair_CV-240.)
- Basler BT-67 Re-manufactured and turbinized version of the DC-3
- Discovery Air Tours (formerly Dakota National Air) Charter DC-3 operator at Bankstown Airport, New South Wales Australia
- The DC-3 Hangar
- Warbird Alley: DC-3/C-47 page
- Early 1970's DC-3 turboptop conversions by Conroy Aircraft, who also developed the Aero Spacelines Guppy series and the Conroy Skymonster.
- Gold Timer Foundation Restorers of the only remaining Li-2 still in flying condition. HA-LIX regularly flies sight-seeing flights. (Hungarian)
- Dakota Norway
- DC-Association Finland
- Link for a number of South African DC-3 flights
- Interview with DC-3 pilot and instructor and discussion of what it takes to become type-rated in the DC-3
- Audio that follows a training program for a US second-in-command type rating in the DC-3, including cockpit audio
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