Dolley Madison
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| Dorothea Dandridge Payne Todd "Dolley Madison" | |
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| In office March 4, 1809 – March 3, 1817 |
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| Preceded by | Martha Jefferson Randolph |
| Succeeded by | Elizabeth Kortright Monroe |
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| Born | May 20, 1768 New Garden, Guilford County, North Carolina |
| Died | July 12, 1849 |
| Spouse | John Todd (1790-1793) James Madison (1794-1836) |
| Occupation | First Lady of the United States |
Dorothea Dandridge Payne Todd "Dolley" Madison (May 20, 1768 – July 12, 1849) was the wife of the 4th President of the United States, James Madison, and was First Lady of the United States from 1809 to 1817. She also occasionally acted as what is now described as First Lady of the United States during the administration of Thomas Jefferson, fulfilling the ceremonial functions more usually associated with the President's wife, since Jefferson was a widower.[1] It is disputed as to whether her true name is Dorothea, Dorothy, or Dolley and her name has been widely misspelled as "Dolly".
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[edit] Early life
She was born in New Garden, a Quaker community located in the area now known as Guilford County, North Carolina, on May 20, 1768. There is now a street in Greensboro, NC named after her. Her father was John Payne, a not-too-successful farmer and erstwhile starch manufacturer, and her mother was Mary Coles.[2] Other accounts suggest she was born in the village of Payne's Tavern in Person County, North Carolina. Dolley Madison was born while her parents were in North Carolina, visiting her maternal grandparents.[3] She had four brothers and three younger sisters.[4] The Payne family lived in Hanover County, Virginia, where they were planters.[4]
Dolley Madison was influenced by momentous events during her childhood, including the Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Declaration of Independence, and suffering at Valley Forge.[5] In July 1783, John Payne freed his slaves and moved the family to Philadelphia to allow better educational opportunities for the children and to be more closely associated with their Quaker roots. Dolley spent her teenage years in Philadelphia, and attended Salem Academy in Winston-Salem, North Carolina.
[edit] First marriage
On January 7, 1790, in Philadelphia, she married John Todd, Jr. (1764-1793), a lawyer who was instrumental in keeping her father out of bankruptcy and who found Mary Payne a position as the manager of a boarding house. The couple had two sons, John Payne February 29, 1792-1852 and William Temple (b./d. (1793). In 1793, a yellow fever epidemic broke out in Philadelphia. Her husband moved Dolley and John Payne out of the city to safety, while he returned to attend to the sick including his parents. John Todd and his parents soon died, however. [6] Their youngest son, William Temple Todd, also died in 1793 from yellow fever.[7] Dolley and her other son, John Payne, were both also afflicted with yellow fever, but recovered.
[edit] Marriage to James Madison
In 1794, after returning to Philadelphia, her friend Aaron Burr, who was a frequent guest at the boarding house managed by Mary Payne, introduced her to James Madison. On September 14, 1794, Dolley Todd married James Madison, who was seventeen years older. The location of the wedding was a Virginia plantation owned by the bride's brother-in-law George Steptoe Washington, a nephew of the first president of the United States. The Madisons had no children but raised Dolley's son from her first marriage, John Payne Todd, whom they called Payne. Payne grew into a profligate young man addicted to gambling, a habit that resulted in his mother's eventual impoverishment.[citation needed]
[edit] First Ladyship, hostessing, and politics
During her husband's political life, Dolly Madison was noted as a gracious hostess, whose sassy, ebullient personality, love of feathered turbans, and passion for snuff (tobacco) seemed at odds with her Quaker upbringing. However, probably her most lasting achievement was her rescue of valuable treasures, including state papers and a Gilbert Stuart painting of President George Washington, from the White House before it was burned by the British army in 1814 during the War of 1812. She could not simply pull it off the wall; the frame was screwed onto the wall and she had a caretaker cut the painting out of the frame.
According to Margaret Truman's book, "First Ladies," Dolley Madison was enraged at how American soldiers fled rather than fought the oncoming British, and even slept with a sabre near her bedside should a British soldier show up in the middle of the night.
Dolley Madison remained a popular figure in Washington, D.C. long after her husband's presidency ended, and was the only private citizen (much less a woman) to be allowed to sit in on Congress, on the congressional floor, while it was in session.
Dolley died peacefully in her sleep, in her home in Washington D.C., July 12, 1849 at the age of 81.
[edit] Portrait on currency
The First Spouse Program under the Presidential $1 Coin Act authorizes the United States Mint to issue 1/2 ounce $10 gold coins to honor the spouses of Presidents of the United States. Dolley Madison's coin (below, right) was released on November 18, 2007. Earlier, the Mint had issued a commemorative coin (below, left) in 1999 bearing her likeness.
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[edit] References
- ^ Catherine Allgor, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation (New York: Henry Holy & Co., 2006), 43
- ^ Ancestors of Dorothea Dandridge PAYNE
- ^ Cutts, J. Madison (1900). "Dolly Madison". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 3: p. 28.
- ^ a b Cutts, J. Madison (1900). "Dolly Madison". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 3: p. 29.
- ^ Cutts, J. Madison (1900). "Dolly Madison". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 3: p. 31-33.
- ^ Biographical introduction
- ^ Cutts, J. Madison (1900). "Dolly Madison". Records of the Columbia Historical Society 3: p. 37.
[edit] Further reading
- The Dolley Madison Project - The life, legacy, and letters of Dolley Payne Madison
- The Dolley Madison Digital Edition - The online correspondence of Dolley Payne Madison
- Dolley Madison Letters - Digitized collection of letters from Dolley Madison - no login required
- Allgor, Catherine, Parlor Politics: In Which the Ladies of Washington Help Build a City and a Government. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 2000.
- Allgor, Catherine, A Perfect Union: Dolley Madison and the Creation of the American Nation. New York: Henry Holt, 2005.
- Arnett, Ethel Stephens, Mrs. James Madison; the incomparable Dolley. Greensboro, N.C.: Piedmont Press, 1972.
- Zall, Paul M, Dolley Madison. Huntington, NY: Nova History Publications, 2001.
[edit] External links
| Honorary titles | ||
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| Preceded by Martha Jefferson Randolph |
First Lady of the United States 1809–1817 |
Succeeded by Elizabeth Kortright Monroe |
