Dmitry Shparo
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Dmitry Shparo is a Russian Arctic explorer and holder of several endurance records. Shparo gained international fame for twice reaching the North Pole on skis. Reports credit him with leading more expeditions to the polar region than any other explorer. In 1979 Shparo led the first ski expedition from Eurasia to the North Pole and then in 1988 he completed a full traverse across the Arctic Ocean from Russia to Canada via the North Pole. In 1998, Dmitry Shparo and his son Matvey became the first people in modern times to ski across the Bering Strait, from Russia into North America.
His projects include an expedition to Franz Josef Land where the wintering heim[clarify] of Fridtjof Nansen was found; an expedition to the Commander Islands in Kamchatka, where the grave of Vitus Bering, a world famous navigator, was discovered, and many others.
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[edit] Early life
Dmitry Shparo was born in Moscow, Russia, in 1941, shortly after the Soviet Union had been invaded by German troops. His father, Igor Shparo, of a Swedish decent, was a journalist and a fiction writer, his mother, Nina Gimer, was a mathematician. Many Gimers became victims of the political repressions. In 1927, when Nina Gimer was only three, her father was arrested, declared an "enemy of the nation", sent to a labor camp in the north and where he vanished soon thereafter. After Stalin’s death in 1953, Nina Gimer got a job at the Institute of Applied Mechanics, where she was involved in calculating the trajectories of the first Soviet cruise missile and the first artificial satellite, Sputnik.
[edit] Mathematician
Dmitry Shparo graduated from mathematics department of the Moscow State University. After getting his PhD in 1967, he went on a full-time teaching at the University of Steel and Ferro-alloys, the leading technical school in Moscow.
[edit] Adventurer
In 1973, Shparo developed a second profession, becoming an explorer. A dangerous path for anyone with a curious mind in the USSR, since they were viewed with a great deal of suspicion. Their routes had to be approved by the Communist Party committees and KGB local offices. Self-styled adventurers had little chance for survival.
Nevertheless, Shparo, a born mathematician and a "genius of calculations" managed to calculate his way through labyrinths of soviet bureaucracy and stay in shade that allowed him a certain sense of freedom. He led several low-profile expeditions up the outskirts of Russia. In 1970 Shparo traveled from Lake Taimir, the largest freshwater body in Eurasia north of the Arctic Circle, to Cape Cheluskin (the northernmost point of Asia) via the islands of Komsomolskya Pravda in the Laptev Sea, named after the largest Communist youth paper in the USSR. The paper prized Shparo for his venture, published his diary and announced the launch of a new polar expedition, sponsored by the paper, with Dmitry Shparo leading the way. The main goal of the expedition – a ski trip to the North Pole – was yet to be revealed to the public and to the government.
Soviet authorities were taking the Arctic Region seriously. The Polar Ocean was a place d'armes of the ongoing military competition with the US. The Kremlin wanted to see victories in this battle field and not defeats. The stakes of the proposed ski-trip to the North Pole were such that the final decision rested with the Politburo. Its response was laconic: the expedition to the North Pole was "unsuitable and pointless". Yet, in March, 1979, Shparo left to the North Pole on skis secretly, without the Politburo’s permission.
In late April, when news of the flagrant disobedience finally reached the Politburo, its conformist majority was outraged. Kremlin leadership urged the Chief of the KGB, Yuri Andropov, and the Minister of Defense, Dmitriy Ustinov, to send out military helicopters in order to return the escapees and punish them accordingly. But Shparo and his teammates were already halfway there and Mihail Suslov, the Party’s chief ideologist, suggested that chances of their successful arrival to the Pole were quite high. Shparo was allowed to finish his trip, and reached the North Pole on May 31st, 1979.
Soon after Dmitry Shparo’s name went into the Guinness World Records, he undertook a new trip, crossing the Arctic Ocean during the Arctic night in total darkness. He walked in the night for two months, from the drifting polar station "North Pole-27" to another drifting polar station "North Pole-28". His 700 km (430 mi) route lay through constantly drifting and crashing ice, and temperatures dropped as low as −70 °C (−94.0 °F). In February 1986 he arrived at the pole, becoming the first man to reach it on skis.
[edit] Goodwill ambassador
As a mathematician, Dmitry Shparo insisted that the North Pole, as an ever-shifting spot, existed only as a mathematical concept. But even with such an abstract goal in mind, his trips always had a very practical component. Shparo had become one of the earliest Soviet ambassadors of goodwill to the West, before glasnost and perestroika. In 1988 Dmitry Shparo co-led the Soviet-Canadian expedition, first to cross Arctic Ocean from Russia via the North Pole to Canada. The Ice Curtain that for half a century seemed to be so monumental and eternal, now became ephemeral
In 1989 Dmitry Shparo and his American colleague, Paul Shurke, led the Bering Bridge Expedition from Siberia to Alaska in an attempt to reconnect Arctic cultures separated by the Cold War. Until the Second World War, the Inuit of Siberia and Alaska - sharing the same language - had traveled back and forth across the Bering Strait to hunt walrus and visit relatives. However, in 1948, the Stalin and the Truman governments locked down the border. In 1989 Shparo and Shurke asked the Kremlin and the White House to open the border to a sled dog expedition.
Along with the preparation of dogs and sleds, Shparo and Shurke had drawn a protocol of intentions and talked the Governors of both Alaska and Chukotka into signing it on the ice on the Bering Strait. According this protocol, native Chukotkans and Alaskans were allowed to travel, hunt and trade freely again. The protocol was signed at the end of April 1989, several months before the Berlin Wall collapsed. The border was reopened and presidents Bush and Gorbachev both prized Shparo and Shurke for their achievement. Disintegration of the Ice Curtain did not receive the same high profile treatment as the collapse of the Berlin Wall, yet the main goal of the expedition had been achieved: Inuit families across the border were reunited.
In 1996 Shparo attempted to cross the Bering Strait again – this time on skis and in the company of his two young sons. The expedition failed when overnight the coastal ice had carried the sleeping adventurers 16 mi (26 km) away into the open Bering Sea. Shparo, conceding defeat, set off the rescue beacon, and awaited rescue. A United States Coast Guard (USCG) C-130 Hercules was dispatched from Kodiak to pin down the location. To the horror of the USCG they found approximately 20 polar bears, and the group was feared lost until they were finally spotted, and rescued by USCG helicopters from Nome. In 1997 a second attempt failed when Nikita, the oldest of Shparo’s children, fell through the weak ice and sustained severe frostbite. In 1998, in the course of the third attempt, Dmitry and Matvey Shparo managed to successfully cross the Bering Strait, becoming the first people to do so by skis and thus securing another spot in the Guinness World Records and personal congratulations from presidents Clinton and Yeltsin.
In 2005 Prince Albert of Monaco chose Dmitry Shparo, along with son Matvey as partners and advisers in his April 2006 North Pole dog-sled expedition aimed to highlight global warming and to commemorate his great-great-grandfather, Prince Albert I, who made four Arctic trips a century ago.
[edit] Author
Shparo’s career as an author has developed alongside that of explorer. Among his books are A Way to the North, To the Pole! and Three Mysteries of the Arctic. In 2006 Shparo completed a biography of Frederick Cook, defending Cook’s achievements and reputation which had been strongly questioned by other historians and biographers.
[edit] Focus today
In 1989, Dmitry Shparo influenced by Rick Hansen, a Canadian paraplegic athlete and activist for people with spinal cord injuries, founded Adventure Club. It is a Moscow-based charity foundation, that in the past 17 years, sponsored countless adventures for disabled athletes and disadvantaged children all across the world. Under the personal leadership of Shparo, blind, deaf, amputees and quadriplegic people have ascended mountain peaks and crossed deserts, including the ice ones.
[edit] Adventures for people with disabilities
- 1991 – a marathon in wheelchairs: Moscow – Kiev – Kryvyi Rih, 1,400 km (870 mi)
- 1992 - marathon in wheelchairs, Vladivostok – Saint Petersburg, 11,000 km (6,800 mi)
- 1993 – marathon in wheelchairs, St. Petersburg – Almaty, along 15 countries of Commonwealth of Independent States and Baltic states, 9,000 km (5,600 mi)
- 1995 – an ascent of the Mount Kazbek 5,047 m (16,558 ft), the third highest mountain in Georgia, by disabled sportsmen in wheelchairs
- 1996 – the ecological marathon in wheelchairs Semey – Chelyabinsk – Chernobyl, 10,000 km (6,200 mi)
- 1997 – an ascent of Mount Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, 5,895 m (19,341 ft), made by a team of disabled sportsmen
- 2000 – a ski crossing Greenland by a team including an athlete with spinal cord injury
- 2002 – an ascent of Mount McKinley, Alaska, at 6,194 m (20,322 ft) the highest peak in North America by disabled sportsmen in wheelchairs
[edit] Adventures for children
- 1990 – a scientific expedition to Chukotka for the observation of a total solar eclipse
- 1992 – kayak expeditions along rivers in the US and Canada
- 1997 – a scientific expedition to the Chita Oblast for the observation of a total solar eclipse
- 1998 – a youth ecological expedition to Mount Elbrus
- 1999 – a youth ecological expedition to Kamchatka
- 2000-06 – youth ecological camp in the Republic of Karelia
Dmitry Shparo also stood behind the parachute jumps on the North Pole, running races to the top of Europe – Mt. Elbrus, round-the world ZiL truck expedition, Moscow – Uelen – Seattle – Toronto – New York City – London – Kaliningrad – Moscow and circumnavigation in the yacht Apostol Andre. The Cruising Club of America's Bluewater Medal 2001 was awarded to the crew in New York. In 2005 Dmitry Shparo with the World Race Trust co-organized The Great Russian Race - a 15-week, 7,000 mi (11,000 km) charity ultra-marathon relay from Vladivostok – at the intersection of North Korea, Russia and China, 7 time zones east of Moscow – to St. Petersburg – near the border of Finland and Russia. $340,000 were raised for the benefit of abandoned, orphaned and homeless children in Russia.
[edit] Awards and Honors
In recognition of his polar achievements, Dmitry Shparo has received several honors and awards: the Order of Lenin, the highest national decoration of the former Soviet Union, (other prizewinners include cosmonaut Yuri Gagarin, Fidel Castro, and Nikita Khrushchev), the Order of the Red Banner of Labour, the prestigious UNESCO award, Fair Play, and gold medals from several geographical societies.
