Dispositio
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Dispositio is the system used for the organization of arguments in Western classical rhetoric. The word is Latin, and can be translated as "organization" or "arrangement."
It is the second of five canons of classical rhetoric (the first being inventio, and the remaining being elocutio, memoria, and pronuntiatio) that concern the crafting and delivery of speeches and writing.
The first part of any rhetorical exercise was to discover the proper arguments to use, which was done under the formalized methods of inventio. The next problem facing the orator or writer was to select various arguments and organize them into an effective discourse.
Aristotle defined two essential parts of a discourse: the statement of the case and the proof of the case. For example, in a legal argument, a prosecutor must first declare the charges against the defendant and provide the relevant facts; then he must present the evidence that proves guilt. Aristotle allowed that in practice most discourse also requires an introduction and a conclusion.
Later writers on rhetoric, such as Cicero and Quintilian refined this organizational scheme even further, so that there were eventually six parts:
- the introduction, or exordium -- The term exordium comes from the Latin term meaning "to urge forward."
- the statement of the case, or narratio -- Quintillian pointed out about narratio that: "We shall for instance represent a person accused of theft as covetous, accused of adultery as lustful, accused of homicide as rash, or attribute the opposite qualities to these persons if we are defending them; further we must do the same with place, time and the like." An example of narratio: Hate speech has occurred on our campus. If hate speech occurs on our campus, it does not occur often. Hate speech seldom occurs on our campus.
- the outline of the major points in the argument, or divisio (sometimes known as partitio) -- It has two functions: names the issues in dispute and lists the arguments to be used in the order they will appear.
- the proof of the case, or confirmatio -- It confirms or validates the material given in the narratio and partitio.
- the refutation of possible opposing arguments, or confutatio -- If the rhetor anticipates that certain people in his audience may disagree his or her speech, he or she can be prepared to refute the argument that could possibly be presented in opposition to his original speech.
- the conclusion, or peroratio -- Cicero taught that a rhetor can do three things in this step: sum up his or her arguments, cast anyone who disagrees with him or her in a negative light, and arouse sympathy for himself or herself, his or her clients, or his or her case.
While this structure might appear to be highly rigid (and certainly some writers on the subject were overly pedantic), it was in practice a flexible model. Cicero and Quintilian, for example, encouraged writers to rearrange the structure when it strengthened their case; for instance, if the opposing arguments were known to be powerful, it might be better to place the refutation before the proof.
Within each major part, there were additional tactics that might be employed. For instance, a prosecutor might sum up his case with forceful repetition of his main points using a technique known as accumulatio. The defense attorney in the same case might use a different approach in his summation.
Finally, dispositio was also seen as an iterative process, particularly in conjunction with inventio. The very process of organizing arguments might lead to the need to discover and research new ones. An orator would refine his arguments and their organization until they were properly arranged. He would then proceed on to those areas that we generally associate with rhetoric today — the development of the style and delivery of the arguments.
[edit] See also
Crowley, Sharon and Debra Hawhee. Ancient Rhetorics for Contemporary Students. New York: Pearson Education, 2004.
