Disability publications in the U.S.
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In the early twentieth century, as having a disabling condition became a source of social stigma, people were excluded from many of the activities of U.S. society.[citation needed] They were, in essence, silenced because of the stigma of disability. This inability to speak for themselves on issues affecting them caused different disability groups to begin their own publications.
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[edit] The Deaf community
The deaf community has a long history of publications in this country. The North Carolina School for the Deaf began the first publication for deaf persons in 1848 with its school newspaper, The Deaf Mute. The American Deaf community is unique by being tied together not only by lack of hearing, but also by a linguistic tradition, American Sign Language, which they identify as forging their Deaf culture.
Deafness-related publications started when states began building residential schools for deaf children in the mid-1800s. These schools used sign language to teach and employed many deaf teachers. Thus, these schools became a location for the transmission of deaf culture to deaf children, and they began their own newspapers at these schools to help cement their community. After the North Carolina school published the first school newspaper, soon each school followed suit. These were known as The Little Paper family. They exchanged items of interest and stories and generally transmitted the deaf community back to itself. Histories of American Schools for the Deaf reports that in 1893 that there were 50 of these residential school newspapers and they generously exchanged each others news. A study of the Little Papers and found that they provided a significant cultural forum for the deaf community to discuss important political events affecting the community, as well as small news events such as a new stained glass window at a school.
[edit] The blind community
The blind community also has a long and vibrant publication history, and in terms of physical accessibility to news, the blind community was at the forefront with its growing number of publications in the early 20th century. In1907, the "Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind" was founded to give people without sight access to selected articles from print periodicals. This general-interest magazine originally was published both in braille and New York Point, an embossed writing system no longer in use. The magazine's founder, Mrs. William Ziegler, was the mother of a blind son and an heiress who solely funded the publication. Her endowment continues to provide for free distribution of the "Ziegler," as it is known. The Braille Book Review began in 1938 and described the newest books in Braille from the National Library Service for the Blind. Once sound technology was more prevalent, Talking Book Topics was founded in the 1930s to give the blind community information about the most recent recorded books at the National Library.(24)
[edit] Disability specific publications
Other disability-related publications continued a tradition of fostering solidarity within the different sub-cultures of the disability community. After World War II, soldiers who had been disabled in war came home, which led to the Paralyzed Veterans of America's development of the magazine, Paraplegia News, in 1946.(26) Many disability publications target similarly distinctive audiences, from people with a specific disability to parents to health care professionals.
[edit] Disability rights activism
In terms of overt disability rights activism, disability publications such as The Ragged Edge[1], Mainstream [2], and Mouth [3] helped fuel the disability community’s civil rights agenda. The disability community began to assemble the American Disability rights movement in the mid- to late 1970s. After the Rehabilitation Act was passed in the 1970s but not given entitlements, the disability community began to organize protests and activism. Publications grew from these activities such as the beginning of Mainstream magazine in 1975 and the beginning of The Disability Rag in 1980. Mouth began in 1990 after its founder Lucy Gwin "escaped from what amounted to a nursing home." Mouth originally started to serve the community of people with neurological impairments but evolved into a general all-disability rights advocacy publication.
Douglas Lathrop explained in the Society of Professional Journalists The Quill that these rights-based publications sprung up because many in the disability community were tired of the persistent negative media stereotypes of people with disabilities as inspirational or courageous in the mainstream news media. "In light of this persistent reliance on oppressive stereotypes, the disability press fills the void," Lathrop said. Lucy Gwin, the editor of Mouth, explained in The Quill: "Nobody (in the nondisabled media) is going to cover the disability-rights movement, so we’re just going to have to cover it our own damn selves."
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Edward A. Fay, ed., Histories of American Schools for the Deaf, 1817-1893. (Washington, D.C.: Volta Bureau, 1893).
- Erving Goffman, Stigma. (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall, 1963): 23.
- Beth Haller, "The Little Papers Newspapers at 19th Century Schools for Deaf Persons" 19 Journalism History, (Summer 1993): 46-47.
- Jeffrey Alan John, "Indications of disability culture in magazines marketed to the disability community" 18 [[Disability Studies Quarterly]] (Winter 1998): 25
- Douglas Lathrop, "Challenging perceptions, " Quill, July/August 1995, 37.
- MadNation, http://www.madnation.org/mouth.htm.
- Carmen Manning-Miller, The disability press: A descriptive study (Paper presented at the Association for Education in Journalism and Mass Communication annual meeting, Kansas City, Mo., 1993): 14-15.
- Michael Mellor, "A most notable benefaction: The Matilda Ziegler Magazine for the Blind," www.zieglermag.org/history.html.
- Lillie Ransom, Disability Magazine and Newsletter Editors: Perceptions of the Disability Press, Community, Advocacy, Mainstreaming and Diversity (Ph.D. dissertation, University of Maryland, College Park, Md., 1996): 136-38.
- John Van Cleve and Barry Crouch, A Place of Their Own. (Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press, 1989): 60.
- Charlie Winston, America's Telability Media (Columbia, Mo.: National Telability Media Center, 1995): 38, 18.
