Diplura
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Campodeidae |
The order Diplura is one of the four groups of hexapods, alongside insects, springtails and Protura. They are sometimes called "two-pronged bristletails" [2]. Around 800 species have been described, of which around 70 occur in North America [1], 12 in Great Britain [3] and two in Australia [4].
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[edit] Anatomy
Diplurans are mostly between 2 and 5 mm long, although some species of Japyx may reach 50 mm [3]. They have no eyes and, apart from the darkened cerci in some species, they are unpigmented [3]. They have long antennae with ten or more bead-like segments projecting forward from the head [5], and a pair of cerci projecting backwards from the last of the eleven abdominal somites [6]. These cerci may be long and filamentous or short and pincer-like [7], leading to occasional confusion with earwigs [4]. These cerci give the group its name, from the Greek diplo ("two") and uros ("tail") [5]. Some diplurans have the ability to shed their cerci if necessary (autotomy); of all terrestrial arthropods, only diplurans and walkingsticks have the ability to regenerate these lost appendages over a series of moults [5]. Moulting occurs up to thirty times throughout the life of a dipluran, which is estimated to last up to one year [4]. The abdomens of diplurans bear eversible vesicles [8] which seem to absorb moisture from the environment and help with the animal's water balance [5].
[edit] Ecology
Diplurans are common in moist soil, leaf litter or humus [8], but are rarely seen because of their size and subterranean lifestyle [5]. They have biting mouthparts and feed on a variety of live prey and dead organic matter [2]. Members of the family Japygidae are mainly predatory and use their pincer-like cerci to capture prey, including springtails, isopods, small myriapods, insect larvae, and even other diplurans, while members of the family Campodeidae feed on soil fungi, mites, springtails and other small soil invertebrates, as well as detritus [2]. Those species with long cerci are herbivorous [4].
Like other non-insect hexapods, diplurans have external fertilisation. Males lay up to 200 spermatophores a week, which are held off the ground by a short stalk and probably only remain viable for about two days [8]. The female collects the spermatophore with her genital opening, and later lays eggs in a cavity in the ground [5][4][8]. The hatchlings do not undergo metamorphosis, but resemble the adults, apart from their smaller size, lesser number of setae and the lack of reproductive organs [2].
[edit] Relatives
The relationships among the four groups of hexapods are not resolved, but most recent studies argue against a monophyletic Entognatha [9]. The fossil record of the Diplura is sparse, but one apparent dipluran dates from the Carboniferous [1].
[edit] References
- ^ a b c David R. Maddison (2005-01-01). Diplura. Tree of Life Project.
- ^ a b c d Guide to New Zealand Soil Invertebrates. Massey University (2006).
- ^ a b c David Kendall (2005). Diplura. Kendall Bioresearch Services.
- ^ a b c d e Diplura. CSIRO Entomology.
- ^ a b c d e f Diplura. McMaster University (1999).
- ^ Diplura. The Earthlife Web (2005-11-11).
- ^ Diplura. Iziko Museums of Cape Town (2004).
- ^ a b c d John R. Meyer (2005). Diplura. North Carolina State University.
- ^ A. Carapelli, F. Nardi, R. Dallai & F. Frati (2006). A review of molecular data for the phylogeny of basal hexapods. Pedobiologia 50 (2): 191–204. doi:10.1016/j.pedobi.2006.01.001.
