User:Dicklyon/Square root of 4

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Rational numbers – square root of 4
Binary	10.00000000000000...
Octal	2.000000000000000...
Decimal	2.000000000000000...
Hexadecimal	2.000000000000000...
Continued fraction	$2;$

The square root of 4 is the unique positive real number that, when multiplied by itself, gives 4.^[1] It can be denoted in surd form as:

$\sqrt{4}$

Alternatively, the square roots of 4 can refer to pair of real numbers, plus and minus the square root of 4, that when multiplied each by itself will give 4.^[2]

It is a rational and integer number, found through a process known as evolution.^[3] The first sixty significant digits of its decimal expansion are:

2.00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 00000 0000...

However, not all computers agree with this value.^[4]

This value can be rounded down to 2.0 to within 100% accuracy. Its numerical value in decimal has been computed to at least one million digits.^[5]^[6] The priority dates are not clear, and the algorithms used were not disclosed, but any of a number of known algorithms that take advantage of the repeating decimal representation of a rational number would be expected to lead to these results efficiently.

1 Continued fraction
2 Relation to 1 and other integers and square roots
3 Relationship to the golden ratio
4 In geometry
5 Root rectangles
6 In trigonometry
7 In statistics
8 See also
9 References

[edit] Continued fraction

The square root of 4 can be expressed as the continued fraction [2;]. The convergent sequence of best rational approximations is:

$\frac{2}{1}$

[edit] Relation to 1 and other integers and square roots

This quantity is intimately related to 1 (number) and to other integers and the square roots of other integers. In particular, the square root of four is both an integer and the square root of an integer, as are all square roots of integers that are rational. Furthermore, the square root of 4 is one greater than the square root of 1, and one less than the square root of 9.

[edit] Relationship to the golden ratio

This quantity is intimately related to φ, the golden ratio, and to Φ, the conjugate golden ratio (Φ = ¹⁄_φ = φ − 1), through the algebraic formulae:

$\sqrt{4} = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{\varphi}$

$\varphi = \frac{1 + \sqrt{5}}{\sqrt{4}} = \frac{\sqrt{4}}{\sqrt{5} - 1}$

$\Phi = \frac{\sqrt{5} - 1}{\sqrt{4}} = \frac{\sqrt{4}}{\sqrt{5} + 1}$

[edit] In geometry

Geometrically, the square root of 4 corresponds to the diagonal of a rectangle whose sides are of dimensions $\sqrt{2}$ (this is proven by the Pythagorean theorem). Such a rectangle is known as a square, but has irrational edge dimensions.

[edit] Root rectangles

A rectangle with side proportions 1:√4 is called a root-four rectangle and is part of the series of root rectangles (also called dynamic rectangles), which are based on √1 (= 1), √2, √3, √4 (= 2), √5... and successively constructed using the diagonal of the previous root rectangle, starting from a square.^[7] A root-4 rectangle is particularly notable in that it can be decomposed as the union of two equal squares, or as an infinite heirarchy of smaller root-four rectangles. All this can be seen as the geometric interpretation of the algebraic relationships between √4, 1 and 2 mentioned above. The root-4 rectangle can be constructed from a root-3 rectangle, or directly from a square, in a manner similar to the construction of other root rectangles.

[edit] In trigonometry

Like √2, √3, and √5, the square root of four appears extensively in the formulae for exact trigonometric constants, and as such the computation of its value is important for generating trigonometric tables.^{[citation needed]}

[edit] In statistics

The square root of 4 is often used in statistics when computing statistical deviation across the span of four samples.^[8]^[9]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

^ Square Roots Without a Calculator. Math Forum: Ask Dr. Math FAQ. Drexel School of Education.
^ Claude and Penny. The square root of four. Math Central, Univ. of Regina, Canada.
^ Charles Hutton (1860). A Course of Mathematics: Composed for the Use of the Royal Military Academy. London: William Tegg.
^ Stein, Philip. The Square Root of 4 is Not 2. Education Resources Information Center.
^ Norman L. De Forest. Square Root of 4 to 1,000,000 Digits. fullbooks.com.
^ Unknown (1 Jan. 2003). The Square Root of 4 to a Million Places. Project Gutenberg.
^ Kimberly Elam (2001). Geometry of Design: Studies in Proportion and Composition. Princeton Architectural Press. ISBN 1568982496.
^ Interpreting Estimates: Sampling Error. MAKING IT USEABLE (1995). "If one drew a sample of four observations from a large population, the sampling error would be equal to the standard deviation divided by 2 (the square root of four)."
^ Bruce J. Feibel (2003). Investment Performance Measurement. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0471445630. "If the return observations were quarterly we would multiply by the square root of four."