Desmond Tutu

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Most Revd
 Desmond Tutu 
Archbishop Emeritus of Cape Town
Province Anglican Church of Southern Africa
See Cape Town (retired)
Enthroned 1986
Ended 1996
Predecessor Philip Welsford Richmond Russell
Successor Njongonkulu Ndungane
Ordination 1960 as Priest
Other Bishop of Lesotho
Bishop of Johannesburg
Archbishop of Cape Town
Born October 7, 1931 (1931-10-07) (age 76)
Klerksdorp, Transvaal, South Africa
Christianity Portal

Desmond Mpilo Tutu (born 7 October 1931) is a South African cleric and activist who rose to worldwide fame during the 1980s as an opponent of apartheid. Tutu was elected and ordained the first black South African Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town, South Africa, and primate of the Church of the Province of Southern Africa (now the Anglican Church of Southern Africa). He is generally credited with coining the term Rainbow Nation as a metaphor for post-apartheid South Africa after 1994 under African National Congress rule. The expression has since entered mainstream consciousness to describe South Africa's ethnic diversity.

Tutu is widely regarded as "South Africa's moral conscience"[1] and has been described by former President of South Africa, Nelson Mandela, as "sometimes strident, often tender, never afraid and seldom without humour, Desmond Tutu's voice will always be the voice of the voiceless".[2] Tutu chaired the Truth and Reconciliation Commission and is currently the chairman of The Elders. Tutu is vocal in his defence of human rights and uses his high profile to campaign for the oppressed. He is committed to stopping global AIDS and has served as the honorary chairman for the Global AIDS Alliance. He received the Nobel Peace Prize in 1984, the Albert Schweitzer Prize for Humanitarianism, and the Magubela prize for liberty in 1986. In February 2007 he was awarded the Gandhi Peace Prize by Dr. A.P.J. Abdul Kalam, President of India. Tutu has also compiled several books of his speeches and sayings.

Contents

[edit] Early years

Desmond Mpilo Tutu was born in Klerksdorp, Transvaal on 7 October 1931, the second of the three children of Zacheriah Zililo Tutu and his wife, Aletta, although the only son.[3] Tutu's family moved to Johannesburg when he was 12 years old where his father was a teacher and his mother a cleaner and cook at a school for the blind.[4] Here he met Trevor Huddleston who was a parish priest in the black slum of Sophiatown and later Tutu's mentor. "One day", says Tutu, "I was standing in the street with my mother when a white man in a priest's clothing walked past. As he passed us he took off his hat to my mother. I couldn't believe my eyes - a white man who greeted a black working class woman!"[4]

Although Tutu wanted to become a physician, his family could not afford the training, and he followed his father's footsteps into teaching. Tutu studied at the Pretoria Bantu Normal College from 1951 through 1953, and went on to teach at Johannesburg Bantu High School and at Munsieville High School in Pietermaritzburg. However, he resigned following the passage of the Bantu Education Act, in protest of the poor educational prospects for black South Africans. He continued his studies, this time in theology, at St Peter's Theology College in Rosettenville and in 1960 was ordained as an Anglican minister following in the footsteps of his mentor and fellow activist, Trevor Huddleston.

Tutu then travelled to King's College London, (1962–1966), where he received his Bachelor's and Master's degrees in Theology. During this time he worked as a part-time curate, first at St Albans Cathedral and then at St. Mary's in Bletchingley, Surrey. He later returned to South Africa and from 1967 until 1972 used his lectures to highlight the circumstances of the African population. He wrote a letter to Prime Minister Vorster, in which he described the situation in South Africa as a "powder barrel that can explode at any time." The letter was never answered. He became chaplain at the University of Fort Hare in 1967, a hotbed of dissent and one of the few quality universities for African students in the southern part of Africa. From 1970 to 1972, Tutu lectured at the National University of Lesotho .

Tutu faced a difficult balancing act: voicing black discontent while leading a largely white parish. Alternately charming and challenging them, he appealed to their Afrikaner heritage, recalling that their forebears had endured British concentration camps. Somewhat to the bewilderment of other black leaders, he patiently courted Vorster’s successor, P. W. Botha, explaining that even Moses continued to reason with Pharaoh. But white liberals grew nervous when Tutu called for a boycott of South African products.[5] In 1972 Tutu returned to the UK, where he was appointed vice-director of the Theological Education Fund of the World Council of Churches, at Bromley in Kent. He returned to South Africa in 1975 and was appointed Anglican Dean of Johannesburg—the first African person to hold that position.

[edit] Personal life

On 2 July 1955, Tutu married Nomalizo Leah Shenxane, a teacher who had met while at college, and they had four children: Trevor Thamsanqa Tutu, Theresa Thandeka Tutu, Naomi Nontombi Tutu and Mpho Andrea Tutu, all of whom attended the Waterford Kamhlaba School in Swaziland.[6]

His son, Trevor Tutu, caused a bombscare at East London Airport in 1989 and was arrested. In 1991 he was convicted of contravening the Civil Aviation Act by falsely claiming there had been a bomb on board a South African Airways 'plane at East London Airport.[7] The bomb threat delayed the Johannesburg bound flight for more than three hours, costing South African Airways some R28000. At the time Trevor Tutu announced his intention to appeal against his sentence, but failed to arrive for the appeal hearings. He forfeited his bail of R15000.[7] He was due to begin serving his sentence in 1993, but failed to hand himself over to prison authorities. He was finally arrested in Johannesburg in August 1997. He applied for amnesty from the Truth and Reconciliation Commission which was granted in 1997. He was then released from Goodwood Prison in Cape Town where he had begun serving his three-and-a-half year prison sentence after a court in East London refused to grant him bail.[8]

His daughter, Naomi Tutu, founded the Tutu Foundation for Development and Relief in Southern Africa, based in Hartford, Connecticut. She has followed in her father's footsteps as a human rights activist and is currently a program coordinator for the Race Relations Institute at Fisk University, in Nashville, Tennessee.[9] His other daughter, Mpho Tutu, has also followed her father's footsteps and in 2004 was ordained an Episcopal priest by her father.[10] She is also the founder and executive director of the Tutu Institute for Prayer and Pilgrimage and the chairperson of the board of the Global AIDS Alliance.[11]

In 1997, Tutu was diagnosed with prostate cancer and underwent successful treatment in the United States of America. He subsequently became patron of the South African Prostate Cancer Foundation which was established in 2007.[12]

[edit] Tutu's role during Apartheid

Apartheid in South Africa
Events and Projects

Sharpeville Massacre · Soweto uprising
Treason Trial
Rivonia Trial · Church Street bombing
CODESA · St James Church massacre
Organisations

ANC · IFP · AWB · Black Sash · CCB
Conservative Party · ECC · PP · RP
PFP · HNP · MK · PAC · SACP · UDF
Broederbond · National Party · COSATU
SADF · SAP
People

P.W Botha · Oupa Gqozo · DF Malan
Nelson Mandela · Desmond Tutu · F.W. de Klerk
Walter Sisulu · Helen Suzman · Harry Schwarz
Andries Treurnicht · HF Verwoerd · Oliver Tambo
BJ Vorster · Kaiser Matanzima · Jimmy Kruger
Steve Biko · Mahatma Gandhi · Trevor Huddleston
Places

Bantustan · District Six · Robben Island
Sophiatown · South-West Africa
Soweto · Vlakplaas
Other aspects

Apartheid laws · Freedom Charter
Sullivan Principles · Kairos Document
Disinvestment campaign
South African Police
This box: view • talk • edit

In 1976 protests in Soweto, also known as the Soweto Riots, against the government's use of Afrikaans as a compulsory medium of instruction in black schools became a massive uprising against apartheid. From then on Tutu supported an economic boycott of his country. He vigorously opposed the "constructive engagement" policy of the Reagan administration in the United States, which advocated "friendly persuasion". Tutu rather supported disinvestment, although it hit the poor hardest for if disinvestment threw blacks out of work, Tutu argued, at least they would be suffering "with a purpose". Disinvestment did succeed, causing the value of the Rand to plunge and pressuring the government toward reform. Tutu pressed the advantage and organised peaceful marches which brought thirty thousand people onto the streets of Cape Town. That was the turning point: within months, Nelson Mandela was freed from prison, and apartheid was beginning to crumble.[5]

Desmond Tutu was Bishop of Lesotho from 1976 until 1978, when he became Secretary-General of the South African Council of Churches. From this position, he was able to continue his work against apartheid with agreement from nearly all churches. Tutu consistently advocated reconciliation between all parties involved in apartheid through his writings and lectures at home and abroad. Tutu's opposition was vigorous and unequivocal, and he was outspoken both in South Africa and abroad, often comparing apartheid to Nazism and Communism. As a result the government twice revoked his passport, and he was jailed briefly in 1980 after a protest march. It was thought by many that Tutu's increasing international reputation and his rigorous advocacy of non-violence protected him from harsher penalties. Tutu was also harsh in his criticism of the violent tactics of some anti-apartheid groups such as the African National Congress and denounced terrorism and Communism. When a new constitution was proposed for South Africa in 1983 to defend against the anti-apartheid movement, Bishop Tutu helped form the National Forum Committee to fight the constitutional changes.[13]

In 1985, Tutu was appointed the Bishop of Johannesburg before he became the first black person to lead the Anglican Church in South Africa on 7 September 1986 on the retirement of former Archbishop, Philip Welsford Richmond Russell. From 1987 to 1997 he was president of the All Africa Conference of Churches. In 1989 he was invited to Birmingham, England, United Kingdom as part of Citywide Christian Celebrations. Tutu and his wife visited a number of establishments including the Nelson Mandela School in Sparkbrook.

Tutu was considered as Archbishop of Canterbury in 1990, however George Carey was chosen in his stead. Tutu has commented that he is "glad" that he was not chosen as once installed in Lambeth Palace, he would have been homesick for South Africa, unhappy to be away from home during a critical time in the country's history.[14]

In 1990, Tutu and the ex-Vice Chancellor of the University of the Western Cape Professor Jakes Gerwel founded the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust. The Trust was established to fund developmental programmes in tertiary education and provides capacity building at 17 historically disadvantaged institutions. Tutu's work as a mediator in order to prevent all-out racial war was evident at the funeral of South African Communist Party leader Chris Hani in 1993. Tutu spurred a crowd of 120,000 to repeat after him the chants, over and over: "We will be free!", "All of us!", "Black and white together!" and finished his speech saying:

"We are the rainbow people of God! We are unstoppable! Nobody can stop us on our march to victory! No one, no guns, nothing! Nothing will stop us, for we are moving to freedom! We are moving to freedom and nobody can stop us! For God is on our side!"[15]

In 1993, he was a patron of the Cape Town Olympic Bid Committee. In 1994 he was an appointed a patron of the World Campaign Against Military and Nuclear Collaboration with South Africa, Beacon Millennium and Action from Ireland. In 1995 he was appointed a Chaplain and Sub-Prelate of the Venerable Order of Saint John by Queen Elizabeth II,[16] and he became a patron of the American Harmony Child Foundation and the Hospice Association of Southern Africa.

[edit] Tutu's role since Apartheid

This quilt by Hollis Chatelain features Tutu surrounded by children.
This quilt by Hollis Chatelain features Tutu surrounded by children.

After the fall of apartheid, Tutu headed the Truth and Reconciliation Commission. He retired as Archbishop of Cape Town in 1996 and was succeeded by Njongonkulu Ndungane. At a thanksgiving for Desmond Tutu upon his retirement as Archbishop in 1996, Nelson Mandela said:

His joy in our diversity and his spirit of forgiveness are as much part of his immeasurable contribution to our nation as his passion for justice and his solidarity with the poor.[2]

Since his retirement, Tutu has worked as a global activist on issues pertaining to democracy, freedom and human rights. In 2006, Tutu launched a global campaign, organised by Plan, to ensure that all children were registered at birth, as an unregistered child did not officially exist and was vulnerable to traffickers and during disasters.[17]

[edit] Role in South Africa

Since his retirement, Tutu has worked to critique the new South African government. Tutu has been vocal in condemnation of corruption, the ineffectiveness of the ANC-led government to deal with poverty, and the recent outbreaks of xenophobic violence in townships across South Africa.

After a decade of freedom for South Africa, Archbishop Tutu was honoured with the invitation to deliver the annual Nelson Mandela Foundation Lecture. On November 23, 2004 Tutu was given the address entitled, "Look to the Rock from Which You Were Hewn." This lecture, critical of the ANC-controlled government, stirred a pot of controversy between Tutu and Thabo Mbeki, calling into question "the right to criticise."[18]

He made a stinging attack against South Africa's political elite, saying the country was "sitting on a powder keg"[19] because of its failure to alleviate poverty a decade after apartheid's end. Tutu also said that attempts to boost black economic ownership were only benefiting an elite minority, while political "kowtowing" within the ruling ANC was hampering democracy. Tutu asked, "What is black empowerment when it seems to benefit not the vast majority but an elite that tends to be recycled?"[19]

The archbishop criticised politicians for debating whether to give the poor an income grant of $16 (£12) a month and said the idea should be seriously considered. Tutu has often spoken in support of the Basic Income Grant (BIG) which has so far been defeated in parliament. After the first round of volleys were fired, South African Press Association journalist, Ben Maclennan reported Tutu's response as: "Thank you Mr President for telling me what you think of me, that I am--a liar with scant regard for the truth, and a charlatan posing with his concern for the poor, the hungry, the oppressed and the voiceless."[20]

Tutu warned of corruption shortly after the re-election of the African National Congress government of South Africa, saying that they "stopped the gravy train just long enough to get on themselves."."[21] In August 2006 Archbishop Tutu publicly urged Jacob Zuma, the South African politician who had been accused of sexual crimes and corruption, to drop out of the ANC's presidential succession race. He said in a public lecture that he would not be able to hold his "head high" if Zuma became leader after being accused both of rape and corruption. In September 2006, Tutu repeated his opposition to Zuma's candidacy as ANC leader due to Zuma's "moral failings"."[22]

The head of the Congress of South African Students condemned Tutu as a "loose cannon" and a "scandalous man" — a reaction which prompted an angry Mbeki to side with Tutu. Zuma's personal advisor responded by accusing Tutu of having double standards and "selective amnesia" (as well as being old). Elias Khumalo claims the archbishop "had found it so easy to accept the apology from the apartheid government that committed unspeakable atrocities against millions of South Africans", yet now "cannot find it in his heart to accept the apology from this humble man who has erred". Tutu and Zuma’s public criticism of each other are reflections of a turbulent time in South African politics.[23]

Tutu has condemned the xenophobic violence which occurred throughout South Africa in May 2008. Tutu, who once intervened in the apartheid years to prevent a mob necklacing a man, said that when South Africans were fighting against apartheid they had been supported by people around the world and particularly in Africa. Although they were poor, other Africans welcomed South Africans as refugees, and allowed liberation movements to have bases in their territory even if it meant those countries were going to be attacked by the South African Defence force. Tutu called on South Africans to end the violence as thousands of refugees have sought refuge in shelters.[24]

[edit] Chairman of The Elders

On 18 July 2007 in Johannesburg, South Africa, Nelson Mandela, Graça Machel, and Desmond Tutu convened The Elders, a group of world leaders to contribute their wisdom, leadership and integrity to tackle some of the world's toughest problems. Mandela announced its formation in a speech on his 89th birthday. Archbishop Tutu is serving as its Chair. Other founding members include Kofi Annan, Ela Bhatt, Gro Harlem Brundtland, Jimmy Carter, Li Zhaoxing, Mary Robinson, Muhammad Yunus and Aung San Suu Kyi, whose chair was left symbolically empty due to her confinement as a political prisoner in Burma.

"This group can speak freely and boldly, working both publicly and behind the scenes on whatever actions need to be taken,” Mandela commented. “Together we will work to support courage where there is fear, foster agreement where there is conflict, and inspire hope where there is despair."[25] The Elders will be independently funded by a group of Founders, including Richard Branson, Peter Gabriel, Ray Chambers, Michael Chambers, Bridgeway Foundation, Pam Omidyar, Humanity United, Amy Robbins, Shashi Ruia, Dick Tarlow and the United Nations Foundation.

[edit] Role in the Third World

Tutu and Brad Pitt on the cover of Vanity Fair
Tutu and Brad Pitt on the cover of Vanity Fair

Tutu has focused on drawing awareness to issues such as poverty, AIDS and non-democratic governments in the Third World. In particular he has focused on issues in Zimbabwe and Palestine. Tutu also led The Elders' first mission to travel to Sudan in September-October 2007 to foster peace in the Darfur crisis. "Our hope is that we can keep Darfur in the spotlight and spur on governments to help keep peace in the region," said Tutu.[26]

Tutu has also been vocal in his condemnation of Chinese crackdowns on Tibetan activists. Tutu spoke at a candle-lit vigil on the eve of the San Francisco relay. Tutu does not support a full boycott of the Olympic Games, but he has called on the heads of States worldwide to not attend the Opening Ceremonies of the 2008 Beijing Olympics.[27]

"For God's sake, for the sake of our children, for the sake of their children, for the sake of the beautiful people of Tibet - don't go. Tell your counterparts in Beijing you wanted to come but looked at your schedule and realised you have something else to do."[28]

[edit] Zimbabwe

Tutu has been vocal in his criticism of human rights abuses in Zimbabwe as well as the South African government's policy of quiet diplomacy towards Zimbabwe. In 2007 he said the "quiet diplomacy" pursued by the Southern Africa Development Community (SADC) had "not worked at all" and he called on Britain and the West to pressure SADC, including South Africa, which was chairing talks between President Mugabe's Zanu-PF party and the opposition Movement for Democratic Change, to set firm deadlines for action, with consequences if they were not met.[29] Tutu has often criticized Robert Mugabe in the past and he once described the autocratic leader as "a cartoon figure of an archetypical African dictator".[1] Mugabe, on the other hand, has called Tutu an "angry, evil and embittered little bishop".[30]

We Africans should hang our heads in shame. How can what is happening in Zimbabwe elicit hardly a word of concern let alone condemnation from us leaders of Africa? After the horrible things done to hapless people in Harare, has come the recent crackdown on members of the opposition ... what more has to happen before we who are leaders, religious and political, of our mother Africa are moved to cry out "Enough is enough?".[31]

He has often stated that all leaders in Africa should condemn Zimbabwe: "What an awful blot on our copy book. Do we really care about human rights, do we care that people of flesh and blood, fellow Africans, are being treated like rubbish, almost worse than they were ever treated by rabid racists?"[1] After the Zimbabwean presidential elections in April 2008, Tutu expressed his hope that Mugabe would step down after it was initially reported that Mugabe had lost the elections. Tutu reiterated his support of the democratic process and hoped that Mugabe would adhere to the voice of the people:

That is democracy. Democracy is, you change government when people decide. I mean when your time is over, your time is over. We hope the transition will be a peaceful one, relatively peaceful, and that Mr Mugabe will step down with dignity, gracefully.[32]

Tutu called Mugabe "someone we were very proud of", as he "did a fantastic job, and it’s such a great shame, because he had a wonderful legacy. If he had stepped down ten or so years ago he would be held in very, very high regard. And I still want to say we must honour him for the things that he did do, and just say what a shame."[32]

Tutu stated that he feared that riots would break out in Zimbabwe if the election results were ignored. He proposed that a peace-keeping force should be sent to the region to ensure stability.

Anything that would save the possibilities of bloodshed, of conflict, I am quite willing to support. The people of Zimbabwe have suffered enough, and we don’t...want any more possibilities of bloodshed. In a fraught situation such as we have had in Zimbabwe, anything that is helping towards a move, a transition, from the repression to the possibilities of democracy and freedom, oh, for goodness sake, please let us accept that.[32]

[edit] Palestine

Tutu has spoken of the significant role Jews played in the anti-Apartheid struggle in South Africa, has voiced support for Israel's security concerns, and has spoken against tactics of suicide bombing and incitement to hatred.[33] He is also an active and prominent proponent of the campaign for divestment from Israel[34], and has likened Israel's treatment of Palestinians to the treatment of Black South Africans under apartheid.[33] Tutu used the analogy on a Christmas visit to Jerusalem on 25 December 1989, when he said in a Haaretz article that he is a "black South African, and if I were to change the names, a description of what is happening in Gaza and the West Bank could describe events in South Africa."[35]

He was criticised by American Jewish Committee who, in 1988, quoted him as saying that Zionism has "very many parallels with racism", on the grounds that it "excludes people on ethnic or other grounds over which they have no control".[36] In 2003, Tutu accepted the role as patron of Sabeel International,[37] a Christian liberation theology organization which supports the concerns of the Palestinian Christian community and has actively lobbied the International Christian community for divestment from Israel.[38]

[edit] United Nations role

Portrait of Tutu, 30" x 40" oil on canvas by Dick Zimmerman
Portrait of Tutu, 30" x 40" oil on canvas by Dick Zimmerman

In 2003, he was elected to the Board of Directors of the International Criminal Court's Trust Fund for Victims.[39] He was named a member of the UN advisory panel on genocide prevention in 2006.[40]

However, Tutu has also criticised the UN, particularly on the issue of West Papua. Tutu expressed support for the West Papuan independence movement, criticizing the United Nations' role in the takeover of West Papua by Indonesia. Tutu said: "For many years the people of South Africa suffered under the yoke of oppression and apartheid. Many people continue to suffer brutal oppression, where their fundamental dignity as human beings is denied. One such people is the people of West Papua."[41]

Tutu was named to head a United Nations fact-finding mission to the Gaza Strip town of Beit Hanoun, where, in a November 2006 incident the Israel Defense Forces killed 19 civilians after troops wound up a week-long incursion aimed at curbing Palestinian rocket attacks on Israel from the town.[42] Tutu planned to travel to the Palestinian territory to "assess the situation of victims, address the needs of survivors and make recommendations on ways and means to protect Palestinian civilians against further Israeli assaults," according to the president of the UN Human Rights Council, Luis Alfonso De Alba.[43] Israeli officials expressed concern that the report would be biased against Israel. Tutu cancelled the trip in mid-December, saying that Israel had refused to grant him the necessary travel clearance after more than a week of discussions.[44] However, Tutu and British academic Christine Chinkin are now due to visit the Gaza Strip via Egypt and will file a report at the September 2008 session of the Human Rights Council.[45]

[edit] Political views

[edit] Against poverty

Before the 31st G8 summit at Gleneagles, Scotland in 2005, Tutu called on world leaders to promote free trade with poorer countries. Tutu also called on an end to expensive taxes on anti-AIDS drugs. Tutu said:

"I would hope they would begin to say, 'lets to do something about subsidies'. You ask the so-called-developing world, 'Why can't you people produce more?' - and they produce - and then they find that the markets have barriers that are put down or are clobbered twice over."[46]

Following this summit, the G8 leaders promised to increase aid to developing countries by $48bn a year by 2010. Further, they gave their word of honour that they would do the best they could to achieve universal access to prevention and treatment for the millions and millions of people globally threatened by HIV/AIDS.

Before the 32nd G8 summit in Germany in 2007, Tutu called on the G8 to focus on poverty in the Third World. Following the United Nations Millennium Summit in 2000, it appeared that world leaders were determined as never before to set and meet specific goals regarding extreme poverty.[47]

[edit] Against unilateralism

Tutu and USA President George W. Bush on the cover of Vanity Fair
Tutu and USA President George W. Bush on the cover of Vanity Fair

In January 2003, Tutu attacked British Prime Minister Tony Blair's stance in supporting American President George W. Bush over Iraq. The alliance of Britain and the United States of America led to the outbreak of the Iraq War later that year. Tutu asked why Iraq was being singled out when Europe, India and Pakistan also had weapons of mass destruction. Tutu demanded:

"When does compassion, when does morality, when does caring come in? I just hope that one day that people will realise that peace is a far better path to follow. Many, many of us are deeply saddened to see a great country such as the United States aided and abetted extraordinarily by Britain. I have a great deal of time for your prime minister but I'm shocked to see a powerful country use its power frequently, unilaterally. The United States says you do this to the world, if you don't do it we will do it - that's sad."[48]

In October 2004, Tutu appeared in a play at Off Broadway, New York called Guantanamo - Honour-bound to Defend Freedom. This play was highly critical of the US handling of detainees at Guantanamo Bay. Tutu played Lord Justice Steyn, a judge who questions the legal justification of the detention regime.[49]

In January 2005, Tutu added his voice to the growing dissent over terrorist suspects held at Camp X-Ray in Guantanamo Bay, Cuba, referring to detentions without trial as "utterly unacceptable." Tutu compared these detentions to those under Apartheid. Tutu also emphasised that when South Africa had used those methods the country had been condemned, however when powerful countries such as Britain and the United States of America had invoked such power the world was silent and in that silence accepted their methods even though they violated essential human rights. Tutu said:

The rule of law is in order to ensure that those who have power don't use their power arbitrarily and every person retains their human rights until you have proven conclusively that so-and-so is in fact guilty. Whilst we are saying thank you that these have been released, what is happening to those left behind? We in South Africa used to have a dispensation that detained people without trial and the world quite rightly condemned that as unacceptable. Now if it was unacceptable then how come it can be acceptable to Britain and the United States. It is so, so deeply distressing. I am opposed to any arbitrary detention that is happening, even in Britain.[50]

In February 2006, Tutu repeated these statements after a UN report was published which called for the closure of the camp. Tutu stated that the Guantanamo Bay camp was a stain on the character of the United States, while the legislation in Britain which gave a 28 day detention period for terror suspects was "excessive" and "untenable". Tutu pointed out that similar arguments were being made in Britain and the United States which the South African apartheid regime had used. "It is disgraceful and one cannot find strong enough words to condemn what Britain and the United States and some of their allies have accepted," said Tutu. Tutu also attacked Tony Blair's failed attempt to hold terrorist suspects in Britain for up to 90 days without charge. "Ninety days for a South African is an awful deja-vu because we had in South Africa in the bad old days a 90-day detention law," he said. Under apartheid, as at Guantanamo Bay, people were held for "unconscionably long periods" and then released, he said. Tutu stated:

"Are you able to restore to those people the time when their freedom was denied them? If you have evidence for goodness sake produce it in a court of law. People with power have an incredible capacity for wanting to be able to retain that power and don't like scrutiny."[51]

In 2007, Tutu stated that the global "war on terror" could not be won if people were living in desperate conditions. Tutu said that the global disparity between rich and poor people creates instability.

"You can never win a war against terror as long as there are conditions in the world that make people desperate - poverty, disease, ignorance, et cetera. I think people are beginning to realize that you can't have pockets of prosperity in one part of the world and huge deserts of poverty and deprivation and think that you can have a stable and secure world."[52]

[edit] Against HIV/AIDS and TB

Tutu has been a tireless campaigner for health and human rights, and has been particularly vocal in support of controlling TB and HIV.[53] In 2003 the Desmond Tutu HIV Centre was founded in Cape Town, while the Desmond Tutu TB Centre was founded in 2003 at Stellenbosch University. Tutu suffered from TB in his youth and has been active in assisting those afflicted, especially as TB and HIV/Aids deaths have become intrinsically linked in South Africa. “Those of you who work to care for people suffering from AIDS and TB are wiping a tear from God’s eye,” Archbishop Tutu said.[53]

On 20 April 2005, after Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger was elected as Pope Benedict XVI, Tutu said he was sad that the Roman Catholic Church was unlikely to change its opposition to condoms amidst the fight against HIV/AIDS in Africa: "We would have hoped for someone more open to the more recent developments in the world, the whole question of the ministry of women and a more reasonable position with regards to condoms and HIV/AIDS."[54]

In 2007, statistics were released that indicated HIV and AIDS numbers were lower than previously thought in South Africa. However, Tutu named these statistics "cold comfort" as it was unacceptable that 600 people died of AIDS in South Africa everyday. Tutu also rebuked the government for wasting time by discussing what caused HIV/Aids, which particularly attacks Mbeki and Health Minister Manto Tshabalala-Msimang for their denialist stance.[55]

[edit] Church reform

In 2002, Tutu called for a reform of the Anglican Church in regard to how its leader, the Archbishop of Canterbury is chosen. The ultimate appointment is made by the British Prime Minister and thus Tutu said that the selection process will only be properly democratic and representative when the link between church and state is broken. In February 2006 Tutu took part in the 9th Assembly of the World Council of Churches, held in Porto Alegre, Brazil. There he manifested his commitment to ecumenism and praised the efforts of Christian churches to promote dialogue to diminish their differences. For Tutu, "a united church is no optional extra."

In the debate about Anglican views of homosexuality he has opposed Christian discrimination against homosexuals. Commenting days after the 5 August 2003 election of Gene Robinson, an openly gay man to be a bishop in the Episcopal Church in the United States of America, Desmond Tutu said, "In our Church here in South Africa, that doesn't make a difference. We just say that at the moment, we believe that they should remain celibate and we don't see what the fuss is about."[56] Tutu has remarked that it is sad the Church is spending time disagreeing on seuxual orientation "when we face so many devastating problems – poverty, HIV/AIDS, war and conflict".[57]

Tutu has increased his criticism of conservative attitudes to homosexuality within his own church, equating homophobia with racism. Stating at a conference in Nairobi that he is "deeply disturbed that in the face of some of the most horrendous problems facing Africa, we concentrate on 'what do I do in bed with whom'".[58] In an interview with BBC Radio 4 on 18 November 2007, Archbishop Desmond Tutu accused the church of being obsessed with homosexuality and declared: "If God, as they say, is homophobic, I wouldn't worship that God."[59]

[edit] Academic role

In 1998, he was appointed as the Robert R Woodruff Visiting Professor at Emory University, Atlanta. He returned to Emory University the following year as the William R Cannon Visiting Distinguished Professor. In 2000, he founded the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation to raise funds for the Desmond Tutu Peace Centre in Cape Town. The following year he launched the Desmond Tutu Peace Foundation USA, which is designed to work with universities nationwide to create leadership academies emphasising peace, social justice and reconciliation.

In 2001, the Desmond Tutu Educational Trust, with funding from the W.K. Kellogg Foundation, launched the Desmond Tutu Footprints of the Legends Awards which recognises leadership in combating prejudice, human rights, research and poverty eradication. Since 2004, he has been a Visiting Professor at King's College London, although in 2007, he joined 600 college students and sailed around the world with Semester at Sea.[60]

[edit] Honours

See also: List of honours for Desmond Tutu
Tutu at the University of Pennsylvania
Tutu at the University of Pennsylvania

On 16 October 1984, Tutu was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. The Nobel Committee cited his "role as a unifying leader figure in the campaign to resolve the problem of apartheid in South Africa."[61] This was seen as a gesture of support for him and The South African Council of Churches which he led at that time. In 1987 Tutu was awarded the Pacem in Terris Award.[62] It was named after a 1963 encyclical letter by Pope John XXIII that calls upon all people of good will to secure peace among all nations. Pacem in Terris is Latin for 'Peace on Earth'.[63] In 1992, he was awarded the Bishop John T. Walker Distinguished Humanitarian Service Award.

In June 1999, Tutu was invited to give the annual Wilberforce Lecture in Kingston upon Hull, commemorating the life and achievements of the anti-slavery campaigner William Wilberforce. Tutu used the occasion to praise the people of the city for their traditional support of freedom and for standing with the people of South Africa in their fight against apartheid. He was also presented with the freedom of the city.[64]

Tutu has been awarded the freedom of the city in cities in Italy, Wales, England and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. He has received numerous doctorates and fellowships at distinguished universities. He has been named a Grand Officer of the Légion d'honneur by France, Germany has awarded him the Order of Merit Grand Cross, while he received the Sydney Peace Prize in 1999. He is also the recipient of the Gandhi Peace Prize, the King Hussein Prize and the Marion Doenhoff Prize for International Reconciliation and Understanding. In 2008, Governor Rod Blagojevich of Illinois proclaimed the 13th May 'Desmond Tutu Day'. On his visit to Illinois, Tutu was awarded the Lincoln Leadership Prize and unveiled his portrait which will be displayed at the Abraham Lincoln Presidential Library in Springfield.[65]

[edit] Media/film appearances

Tutu at the "Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag" 2007
Tutu at the "Deutscher Evangelischer Kirchentag" 2007
  • For the Bible Tells Me So (2007)
  • Virgin Radio (2007) - Tutu contacted Virgin Radio on October 15 2007 in the "Who's Calling Christian" phone in where famous people ring in to raise a substantial amount of money for charity.
  • The Foolishness of God: Desmond Tutu and Forgiveness (2007) (post-production) .... Himself
  • Our Story Our Voice (2007) (completed) .... Himself
  • 2006 Trumpet Awards (2006) (TV) .... Himself
  • De skrev historie .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
  • The Shot That Shook the World (2005) (TV) .... Himself
  • The Peace! DVD (2005) (V) .... Himself
  • The Charlie Rose Show .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
  • Out of Africa: Heroes and Icons (2005) (TV) .... Himself
  • Big Ideas That Changed the World (2005) (mini) TV Series .... Himself
  • Breakfast with Frost .... Himself (3 episodes, 2004-2005)
  • Tavis Smiley .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
  • The South Bank Show .... Himself (1 episode, 2005)
  • Wall Street: A Wondering Trip (2004) (TV) .... Himself
  • The Daily Show .... Himself (1 episode, 2004)
  • Bonhoeffer (2003) .... Himself
  • Long Night's Journey Into Day (2000) (as Archbishop Desmond Tutu) .... Himself
  • Epidemic Africa (1999) .... Host
  • Cape Divided (1999) .... Himself
  • A Force More Powerful (1999) .... Himself

[edit] Writings

Tutu has contributed to the field of social psychology. His writing appeared in Greater Good Magazine, published by the Greater Good Science Center of the University of California, Berkeley. His contributions include the interpretation of scientific research into the roots of compassion, altruism, and peaceful human relationships. His most recent article with Greater Good magazine is titled: "Why to Forgive", which examines how forgiveness is not only personally rewarding, but also politically necessary in allowing South Africa to have a new beginning. However, Tutu states that forgiveness is not turning a blind eye to wrongs; true reconciliation exposes the awfulness, the abuse, the pain, the hurt, the truth. It could even sometimes make things worse. It is a risky undertaking but in the end it is worthwhile, because in the end only an honest confrontation with reality can bring healing.

Tutu is the author of seven collections of sermons and other writings:

Tutu has also co authored numerous books:

  • "Bounty in Bondage: Anglican Church in Southern Africa - Essays in Honour of Edward King, Dean of Cape Town" with Frank England, Torguil Paterson, and Torquil Paterson (1989)
  • "Resistance Art in South Africa" with Sue Williamson (1990)
  • The Rainbow People of God with John Allen (1994)
  • "Freedom from Fear: And Other Writings" with Vaclav Havel and Aung San Suu Kyi (1995)
  • "Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu" with Michael J. Battle (1997)
  • "Exploring Forgiveness" with Robert D. Enright and Joanna North (1998)
  • "Love in Chaos: Spiritual Growth and the Search for Peace in Northern Ireland" with Mary McAleese (1999)
  • "Race and Reconciliation in South Africa (Global Encounters: Studies in Comparative Political Theory)" with William Vugt and G. Daan Cloete (2000)
  • "South Africa: A Modern History" with T.R.H. Davenport and Christopher Saunders (2000)
  • "At the Side of Torture Survivors: Treating a Terrible Assault on Human Dignity" with Bahman Nirumand, Sepp Graessner and Norbert Gurris (2001)
  • "Place of Compassion" with Kenneth E. Luckman (2001)
  • "Passion for Peace: Exercising Power Creatively" with Stuart Rees (2002)
  • "Out of Bounds (New Windmills)" with Beverley Naidoo (2003)
  • "Fly, Eagle, Fly!" with Christopher Gregorowski and Niki Daly (2003)
  • "Sex, Love and Homophobia: Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual and Transgender Lives" with Amnesty International, Vanessa Baird and Grayson Perry (2004)
  • "Toward a Jewish Theology of Liberation" with Gustavo Gutierrez and Marc H. Ellis (2004)
  • "Radical Compassion: The Life and Times of Archbishop Ted Scott" with Hugh McCullum (2004)
  • "Third World Health: Hostage to First World Wealth" with Theodore MacDonald (2005)
  • "Where God Happens: Discovering Christ in One Another and Other Lessons from the Desert Fathers" with Rowan Williams (2005)
  • "Health, Trade and Human Rights" with Mogobe Ramose and Theodore H. MacDonald (2006)
  • "The Soul of a New Cuisine: A Discovery of the Foods and Flavors of Africa" with Marcus Samuelsson, Heidi Sacko Walters and Gediyon Kifle (2006)
  • "The Gospel According to Judas WMA: By Benjamin Iscariot" with Jeffrey Archer, Frank Moloney (2007)

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b c "Archbishop Desmond Tutu lambasts African silence on Zimbabwe", USA Today, 2007. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 
  2. ^ a b Fact Sheet: Archbishop Desmond Mpilo Tutu (19 January 2006). Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  3. ^ Miller, Lindsay. Desmond Tutu - A Man with a Mission. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  4. ^ a b Aarvik, Egil (1984). Presentation Speech of 1984 Nobel Prize for Peace. The Nobel Foundation. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  5. ^ a b Wood, Lawrence (2006-10-17). Tutu's story. The Christian Century. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  6. ^ Our Patron - Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Cape Town Child Welfare. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  7. ^ a b "Trevor Tutu freed from prison after being granted amnesty", SAPA, 28 November 1997. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 
  8. ^ "Tutu's son in amnesty bid", Dispatch, 27 September 1997. Retrieved on 2008-06-01. 
  9. ^ Nontombi Naomi Tutu. Kent State University. Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  10. ^ Reverend Mpho Tutu. 2004 Women of Distinction (2004). Retrieved on 2008-06-01.
  11. ^ The Reverend Mpho A. Tutu. Tutu Institute. Retrieved on 2208-06-01.
  12. ^ Prostate Cancer Foundation of South Africa (2007-03-03). "Taking the fight against prostate cancer to South Africans". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-23.
  13. ^ Tutu, Desmond (1994). The Rainbow People of God: The Making of a Peaceful Revolution. Doubleday. 
  14. ^ "Tutu calls for church reform", BBC, 2002-06-10. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  15. ^ Carlin, John (2006-11-12). Former aide John Allen’s authorised biography offers an intimate view of Desmond Tutu. The Observer. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  16. ^ London Gazette: no. 54002, page 5286, 7 April 1995. Retrieved on 2008-06-05.
  17. ^ "Tutu calls for child registration", BBC, 2005-02-22. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  18. ^ Tutu, Mbeki & others (2005). Controversy: Tutu, Mbeki & the freedom to criticise. Centre for Civil Society.
  19. ^ a b Tutu warns of poverty 'powder keg'. BBC (2004-11-23).
  20. ^ Maclennan, Ben (2004-12-02). Quotes of the Week. Sapa.
  21. ^ Carlin, John. Interview with Tutu. PBS Frontline. Retrieved on 2006-09-07.
  22. ^ S Africa is losing its way - Tutu. BBC (2006-09-27).
  23. ^ "Zuma camp lashes out at 'old' Tutu", 2006-09-01. Retrieved on 2006-09-01. 
  24. ^ "'Please, please stop'", News24, 19 May 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 
  25. ^ The Elders (18 July 2007). "Nelson Mandela and Desmond Tutu Announce The Elders". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  26. ^ Tutu denounces rights abuses. News24 (2007-12-10). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
  27. ^ "Raw Video: Desmont Tutu On SF Torch Relay", CBS, 2008-04-08. Retrieved on 2008-04-10. 
  28. ^ "San Francisco set for torch relay", BBC, 2008-04-09. Retrieved on 2008-04-09. 
  29. ^ "Zimbabwe needs your help, Tutu tells Brown", Daily Telegraph, 2007-09-19. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 
  30. ^ John Allen (2007-10-10). Working with a rabble-rouser. Times Online. Retrieved on 2008-01-22.
  31. ^ Desmond Tutu Quotes. South African History Online (2007). Retrieved on 2008-01-23.
  32. ^ a b c "‘Mugabe must step down with dignity’", The Times, 2008-04-02. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 
  33. ^ a b "Apartheid in the Holy Land", The Guardian, 2002-04-29. Retrieved on 2006-11-28. 
  34. ^ "Israeli apartheid" (2002-06-27). The Nation (275): 4-5. 
  35. ^ Ruby, Walter. "Tutu says Israel's policy in terrorities remind him of SA", Jerusalem Post, 1989-02-01. 
  36. ^ Shimoni, Gideon (1988). "South African Jews and the Apartheid Crisis" (PDF). American Jewish Year Book 88: 50. American Jewish Committee. 
  37. ^ Desmond Tutu lends his name to Sabeel. comeandsee.com (2003-06-18). Retrieved on 2006-12-04.
  38. ^ A call for morally responsible investment: A Nonviolent Response to the Occupation. Sabeel (2005-04). Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  39. ^ Amnesty International welcomes the election of a Board of Directors. Amnesty International (2003-09-12). Retrieved on 2007-08-01.
  40. ^ "Desmond Tutu turns 75", News24, 2006-10-06. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  41. ^ Statement by Archbishop Desmond Tutu, South Africa. West Papuan Action (23 February 2004). Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  42. ^ Slosberg, Jacob. "Tutu to head UN rights mission to Gaza", Jerusalem Post, 2006-11-29. 
  43. ^ Hoffman, Gil; Keinon, Herb. "Israel may give no-no to Tutu's trip to Beit Hanun", Jerusalem Post, 2006-12-09. 
  44. ^ "Desmond Tutu says Israel refused fact-finding mission to Gaza", International Herald Tribune, 2006-12-11. 
  45. ^ "Tutu heads for Gaza Strip", News24, 26 May 2008. Retrieved on 2008-05-31. 
  46. ^ "Archbishop Tutu calls for G8 help", BBC, 2005-03-17. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  47. ^ World Aids Campaign (2006-10-19). "Desmond Tutu: Keep your Promises". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  48. ^ "Tutu condemns Blair's Iraq stance", BBC, 2003-01-05. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  49. ^ "Tutu in anti-Guantanamo theatre", BBC, 2004-10-02. Retrieved on 2008-01-23. 
  50. ^ "Tutu calls for Guantanamo release", BBC, 2005-01-12. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  51. ^ "Tutu calls for Guantanamo closure", BBC, 2006-02-17. Retrieved on 2008-01-22. 
  52. ^ Tutu: Poverty fueling terror. CNN (2007-09-16). Retrieved on 2008-04-04.
  53. ^ a b "Archbischop Desmond Tutu urges TB/HIV workers to continue to relieve suffering from dual scourges", Desmond Tutu HIV Centre, 2005-09-28. Retrieved on 2008-04-24. 
  54. ^ "Africans hail conservative Pope", BBC News, 2005-04-20. Retrieved on 2006-05-26. 
  55. ^ "Aids stats 'cold comfort'- Tutu", News24, 2007-11-30. Retrieved on 2008-04-04. 
  56. ^ Desmond Tutu: gay bishop row is just "fuss". Gay.com UK (2006-08-11). Retrieved on 2006-05-26.
  57. ^ "Tutu calls on Anglicans to accept gay bishop", Spero News, 2005-11-14. Retrieved on 2006-05-26. 
  58. ^ "Tutu stands up for gays", Pink News, 2007-01-19. 
  59. ^ Desmond Tutu chides Church for gay stance. BBC (2007-11-18).
  60. ^ Nobel Peace Prize Winner Archbishop Desmond Tutu to Sail with Semester at Sea for Entire Spring Semester. University of Virginia (2006-09-26). Retrieved on 2008-01-05.
  61. ^ Norwegian Nobel Committee. "The Nobel Peace Prize for 1984". Press release. Retrieved on 2006-05-26.
  62. ^ Gish, Steven (1963). Desmond Tutu: A Biography. Greenwood Press, 126. Retrieved on 2008-06-06. 
  63. ^ Habitat for Humanity (1 November 2007). "Habitat for Humanity Lebanon Chairman to receive prestigious Pacem in Terris Peace and Freedom Award". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  64. ^ 1999 Lecture: Archbishop Desmond Tutu. Wilberforce Lecture Trust. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.
  65. ^ "Gov. Blagojevich Proclaims Today "Desmond Tutu Day" in Illinois". Press release. Retrieved on 2008-06-06.

[edit] Further Reading

  • Shirley du Boulay, Tutu: Voice of the Voiceless (Eerdmans, 1988).
  • Michael J. Battle, Reconciliation: The Ubuntu Theology of Desmond Tutu (Pilgrim Press, 1997).
  • Steven D. Gish, Desmond Tutu: A Biography (Greenwood, 2004).
  • David Hein, "Bishop Tutu's Christology." Cross Currents 34 (1984): 492-99.
  • David Hein, "Religion and Politics in South Africa." Modern Age 31 (1987): 21-30.
  • John Allen, Rabble-Rouser for Peace: The Authorised Biography of Desmond Tutu (Rider Books, 2007).

[edit] External links

Wikiquote has a collection of quotations related to:
Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
Preceded by
Philip Welsford Richmond Russell		 Anglican Archbishop of Cape Town
1986-1996		 Succeeded by
Njongonkulu Ndungane
v • d • e
Nobel Peace Prize laureates

Betty Williams / Mairead Corrigan (1976) · Amnesty International (1977) · Anwar El Sadat / Menachem Begin (1978) · Mother Teresa (1979) · Adolfo Pérez Esquivel (1980) · United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (1981) · Alva Myrdal / Alfonso García Robles (1982) · Lech Wałęsa (1983) · Desmond Tutu (1984) · International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War (1985) · Elie Wiesel (1986) · Óscar Arias (1987) · UN Peacekeeping (1988) · Tenzin Gyatso (1989) · Mikhail Gorbachev (1990) · Aung San Suu Kyi (1991) · Rigoberta Menchú (1992) · Nelson Mandela / F.W. de Klerk (1993) · Yasser Arafat / Shimon Peres / Yitzhak Rabin (1994) · Pugwash Conferences / Joseph Rotblat (1995) · Carlos Belo / José Ramos-Horta (1996) · International Campaign to Ban Landmines / Jody Williams (1997) · John Hume / David Trimble (1998) · Médecins Sans Frontières (1999) · Kim Dae-jung (2000)
Complete roster · 1901–1925 · 1926–1950 · 1951–1975 · 1976–2000 · 2001–present
v • d • e
Sydney Peace Prize laureates

Muhammad Yunus (1998) · Desmond Tutu (1999) · Xanana Gusmão (2000) · William Deane (2001) · Mary Robinson (2002) · Hanan Ashrawi (2003) · Arundhati Roy (2004) · Olara Otunnu (2005) · Irene Khan (2006) · Hans Blix (2007)
v • d • e
Bishops of Lesotho

John Arrowsmith Maund • Desmond Mpilo Tutu • Philip Stanley Mokuku • Andrew Thabo Duma • Joseph Mahapu Tsubella •
v • d • e
Bishops of Johannesburg

Arthur Baillie Lumsdaine Karney • Geoffrey Hare Clayton • Richard Ambrose Reeves • Leslie Edward Stradling • Timothy John Bavin • Desmond Mpilo Tutu • George Duncan Buchanan • Brian Charles Germond •
v • d • e
Archbishops of Cape Town

Robert Gray • William West Jones • William Marlborough Carter • Francis Robinson Phelps • John Russell Darbyshire • Geoffrey Hare Clayton • Joost de Blank • Robert Selby Taylor • Bill Bendyshe Burnett • Philip Welsford Richmond Russell • Desmond Mpilo Tutu • Winston Njongonkulo Ndungane • Thabo Cecil Makgoba •


Persondata
NAME Tutu, Desmond Mpilo
ALTERNATIVE NAMES
SHORT DESCRIPTION South African churchman, politician, archbishop, Nobel Prize winner
DATE OF BIRTH 7 October 1931
PLACE OF BIRTH Klerksdorp, Transvaal, South Africa
DATE OF DEATH
PLACE OF DEATH