Demographics of Russia

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Population (in millions) of Russia 1992-2007.
Population (in millions) of Russia 1992-2007.[1]

Russia's area is about 17 million square kilometers (6.5 million sq. mi.). It remains the largest country in the world by more than 7 million square kilometers (2.5 million sq. mi.). Its population density is about 9 persons per square kilometer (22 per sq. mi.), making it one of the most sparsely populated countries in the world. Its population is predominantly urban.

Contents

[edit] Population data

According to the 2002 Russian Census, Russia had a total population of 145,166,731, including 106,003,702 in the four European federal districts, and 39,129,729 in the three Asian federal districts. As of January 1, 2008, Russia's population declined to 142,008,838, according to the Russian State Statistics Service.[2][3]

Most Russians derive from the Eastern Slavic family of peoples, the origins of which very little is known about. [4]

Births: 1,602,387 (2007)[2] [5]

Deaths: 2,080,087 (2007)[2]

Population Growth Rate: -0.17%[2]

Birth rate: 11.28 births/1,000 population (2007)[2][5]

Death rate: 14.65 deaths/1,000 population (2007)[2][5]

Net migration rate: 0.28 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2008 est.)[6]

Total fertility rate: 1.4 children born/woman (2008 est.)[6]

Sex ratio:[6]
at birth: 1.06 male(s)/female
under 15 years: 1.05 male(s)/female
15-64 years: 0.93 male(s)/female
65 years and over: 0.45 male(s)/female
total population: 0.86 male(s)/female (2008 est.)

Age structure:[6]
0-14 years: 14.6% (male 10,577,858/female 10,033,254)
15-64 years: 71.2% (male 48,187,807/female 52,045,102)
65 years and over: 14.1% (male 6,162,400/female 13,695,673) (2008 est.)

Median Age:[6]
total: 38.3 years
male: 35.1 years
female: 41.4 years (2008 est.)

Life expectancy at birth:[7]
total population: 67.7 years
male: 61.5 years
female: 73.9 years (2007)

Infant mortality rate: [6]
total: 10.81 deaths/1,000 live births
male: 12.34 deaths/1,000 live births
female: 9.18 deaths/1,000 live births (2008 est.)

Suicide rate:
Russia currently has a rate of 30 suicides per 100,000 people[8], which although among the highest suicide rates in the world, has been steadily decreasing since it peaked in the late 90s[9], including a 30% drop from 2001 to 2006. About 22% of all suicides are committed by people aged 40-49, and almost six times as many Russian males commit suicide than females.

In 2006, the regions with the highest population growth rate were Chechnya (1.79%), Aginsky Buryatia (1.19%), Ingushetia (1.16%), Yamalo-Nenets (0.73%), Daghestan (0.65%), Yugra (0.62%), Tyumen(0.48%), Altay Republic (0.45%), Tyva Republic (0.3%) and Moscow (0.22%). The regions with lowest growth rate were Koryakia (-2.68%), Magadan (-1.78%), Evenkia (-1.68%), Taymiria (-1.60%), Pskov (-1.56%), Smolensk (-1.25%), Tambov (-1.22%), Tula (-1.21%), Novgorod (-1.17%) and Kurgan (-1.16%). [10]

For detailed TFR by federal regions in 2005, see TFR Russia

[edit] Demographics

[edit] Declining population

See also: Aging of Europe

Lower birth rates and higher death rates reduced Russia's population at a 0.5% annual rate, or about 750,000 to 800,000 people per year during the late 1990s and most of the 2000s. The UN warned that Russia's 2005 population of about 143 million could fall by a third by 2050.[11] However, the number of Russians living in poverty has halved since the economic crisis following the disintegration of the Soviet Union, and the improving economy has had a positive impact on the country's low birth-rate, as it rose from its lowest point at 8.27 births per 1000 people in 1999 to its current rate of 11.3 per 1000. 2007 marked the highest birth rate growth the country has seen in 25 years, according to the Minister for Health and Social Development, Tatyana Golikova.[5] For comparison, the US and UK birth rates in 2007 were 14.16 and 10.67 per 1000 respectively.

While the Russian birth-rate is comparable to that of other European countries, its population is declining at a much greater rate due to abnormally higher death rate (especially among working-age males due to poverty, abuse of alcohol and other substances, disease, stress, and other afflictions).[citation needed] For comparison, the current US death rate is 8.26 per 1000 and the UK death rate is 10.09 per 1000. However the Russian health ministry predicts that by 2011, the death rate will equal the birth rate due to increases in fertility and decline in mortality.[12]

In many developed countries rates of natural increase have also dropped below the long-term population replacement rate and immigration accounts for the continued rise in population.[citation needed]

Government measures to halt the demographic crisis was a key subject of Vladimir Putin's 2006 state of the nation address.[13] As a result, a national programme was developed to reverse the trend by 2020, the results of which are already being seen. A new study published in 2007 shows that, as a whole, the rate of population decrease has slowed: if the net decrease in January-August 2006 was 408,200 people, this year in the same period it was 196,600. The death rate accounted for 357,000 of these, which is 137,000 less than in 2006. At the same time in the 2007 period, there were just over 1 million births in Russia (981,600 in the 2006 period), whilst deaths decreased from 1,475,000 to 1,402,300. In all, the number of deaths exceeded the number of births by 1.3 times, down from 1.5 in 2006. Eighteen of the 83 provinces showed a natural growth of population (in 2006: 16). The Russian Ministry of Economic Development hopes that by 2020 the population will stabilize at 138-139 million, and by 2025, to increase again to its present day status of 143-145, raising the life expectancy to 75 years. [14]

[edit] Abortions

It is estimated that there are more abortions than births in Russia. In 2004, at least 1.6 million women had an abortion (a fifth of them under the age of 18) and about 1.5 million gave birth. One of the reasons behind the high abortion rate is the fact that the birth of a first child pushes many families into poverty. [15] However government steps to help curb the demographic crisis seem to have been taking effect. According to Andrei Seltsovsky, head of the Moscow health department, the number of recorded abortions in Moscow halved between 2000 and 2006, declining from 57,324 to 28,502.[16]

Russia's fertility rate climbed from a low of 1.2 in 2000 to 1.39 in 2007. While still below the 2.1 replacement rate, it continues to show signs of improvement.[17][18]

[edit] Ethnic groups

Main article: Ethnic groups in Russia
Further information: List of indigenous peoples of Russia

The Russian Federation is home to as many as 160 different ethnic groups and indigenous peoples. As of the 2002 census, 79.83% of the population (115,889,107 people) is ethnically Russian, followed by (groups larger than one million):

Most smaller groups live compactly in their respective regions and can be categorized by language group The ethnic divisions used here are those of the official census, and may in some respects be controversial. The following lists all ethnicites resolved by the 2002 census, grouped by language:

  • Ket 1,494 (0.00%)

Some 1.6% of the population are ethnicities not native to the Russian territory. The census has an additional group of 'other' ethnicities of 42,980 (0.03%), including Hungarians, Czechs, Albanians, Japanese, Spaniards, and Romanians.

See also: Northern indigenous peoples of Russia, Detailed Table of 2002 census

[edit] Gradient

The demographic structure of Russia has gradually changed over time. In 1970, Russia had the third largest population of Jews in the world, estimated at 2,150,000, following only that of the United States and Israel. By 2002, due to Jewish emigration, their number fell as low as 230,000.[citation needed] A sizeable emigration of other minorities has been enduring, too. Predominantly these are European peoples like Germans, Czechs, Greeks and members of their families. The main destinations are the USA (Jews, Meskhetian Turks etc.), Israel (Jews), Germany (Germans and Jews), Canada and Finland (Finns).

At the same time, Russia experiences a constant flow of immigration. On average, 200,000 legal immigrants enter the country every year; about half are ethnic Russians from the other republics of the former Soviet Union. In addition, There are an estimated 10 million illegal immigrants from the ex-Soviet states in Russia.[19] There is a significant inflow of ethnic Georgians, Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, and Ukrainians into big Russian cities, something that is viewed very unfavorably by many citizens and even gives rise to nationalist sentiments.[20] Some Chinese flee the overpopulation and birth control regulations of their home country and settle in the Far East and in southern Siberia. Many immigrant ethnic groups have much higher birth rates than native Russians, further shifting the balance.

[edit] Median age and fertility

Median ages of ethnic groups vary considerably between groups. Ethnic Russians and other Slavic and Finnic groups have higher median age compared to the Caucasian groups.

Median ages are strongly correlated with fertility rates, ethnic groups with higher fertility rates have lower median ages, and vice versa. For example, in 2002, in the ethnic group with the lowest median age - Ingush - women 35 or older had, on average, 4.05 children; in the ethnic group with the highest median age - Jews - women 35 or older averaged only 1.37 children. [21] Ethnic Jews have both the highest median age and the lowest fertility rate; this is a consequence of Jewish emigration.[citation needed]

Ethnic Russians represent a significant deviation from the pattern, with second lowest fertility rate of all major groups, but relatively low median age (37.6 years). This phenomenon is at least partly due to the fact that children from mixed marriages are often registered as ethnic Russians in the census.[citation needed]

The following table shows the variation in median age and fertility rates according to 2002 census. [22]

Ethnic Group Med Age Male Female Urban U.Male U.Female Rural R.Male R.Female Children/woman

(age 15+)

 Children/woman

(age 35+)

 Predominant religion of Ethnic Group
Russian 37.6 34.0 40.5 37.1 33.5 40.1 39.0 35.7 41.7 1.446 1.828 Christianity
Tatar 37.7 35.3 39.6 37.2 34.7 39.1 38.8 36.5 41.1 1.711 2.204 Islam
Ukrainian 45.9 44.7 47.3 45.6 44.5 46.8 47.0 45.2 49.0 1.726 1.946 Christianity
Bashkir 34.2 32.1 36.2 32.9 30.6 34.7 35.4 33.3 37.6 1.969 2.658 Islam
Chuvash 38.6 36.4 40.4 37.9 36.3 39.1 39.4 36.5 42.5 1.884 2.379 Christianity
Chechen 22.8 22.1 23.5 22.9 22.5 23.4 22.7 21.9 23.5 2.163 3.456 Islam
Armenian 32.8 33.4 32.0 33.0 33.7 32.2 32.1 32.6 31.5 1.68 2.225 Christianity
Mordvin 44.4 42.1 46.9 44.2 42.3 45.9 44.7 41.7 48.5 1.986 2.303 Christianity
Avar 24.6 23.8 25.4 23.8 23.4 24.1 25.1 24.0 26.2 2.09 3.319 Islam
Belarusian 48.0 45.9 50.2 47.7 45.8 49.6 49.1 46.1 52.4 1.765 1.941 Christianity
Kazakh/Kyrgyz 30.2 29.4 31 29.5 29 30.1 30.6 29.7 31.4 2.015 2.964 Islam
Udmurt 40.0 37.4 42.0 41.2 39.0 42.6 38.9 36.1 41.3 1.93 2.378 Christianity
Azerbaijani 29.5 31.9 24.6 30.0 32.3 24.7 26.5 28.7 24.1 1.83 2.619 Islam
Mari 36.7 34.5 38.5 36.4 34.6 37.7 36.9 34.5 39.3 1.917 2.493 Christianity
German 39.7 38.2 41.2 39.6 38.0 41.0 40.0 38.4 41.4 1.864 2.443 Christianity
Kabardin 28.2 27.1 29.3 28.8 27.4 30.2 27.7 26.9 28.4 1.799 2.654 Islam
Ossetian 34.1 32.5 35.7 34.0 32.2 35.7 34.4 33.2 35.6 1.665 2.267 Christianity
Dargwa 24.6 23.9 25.3 24.3 23.8 24.8 24.8 24.0 25.6 2.162 3.476 Islam
Buryat 28.6 26.6 30.5 27.6 25.7 29.5 29.5 27.4 31.5 1.949 2.861 Buddhism
Yakut 26.9 25.1 28.7 26.9 25.2 28.5 27.0 25.1 28.8 1.972 2.843 Christianity
Kumyk 24.6 23.7 25.4 24.8 23.9 25.6 24.4 23.5 25.2 1.977 3.123 Islam
Ingush 22.7 22.4 23.0 22.9 22.5 23.4 22.5 22.3 22.7 2.325 4.05 Islam
Lezgian 25.4 25.2 25.7 25.0 25.2 24.8 25.9 25.2 26.6 2.045 3.275 Islam
Komi 38.8 35.8 41.0 39.4 35.5 41.6 38.3 36.0 40.4 1.869 2.363 Christianity
Tuvan 23.0 21.7 24.2 22.3 21.4 23.3 23.6 22.0 25.1 1.996 3.407 Buddhism
Jewish 57.5 55.7 61.1 57.6 55.7 61.2 53.5 52.0 55.3 1.264 1.371 Judaism
Karachay 29.5 28.3 30.5 27.6 26.4 28.9 30.5 29.5 31.5 1.86 2.836 Islam
Kalmyk 31.3 29.2 33.3 28.6 26.3 31.3 33.9 32.6 35.1 1.853 2.625 Buddhism
Adyghe 34.2 32.4 36.0 32.0 30.3 33.7 36.2 34.2 38.2 1.757 2.363 Islam
Permyak 40.8 38.6 42.7 41.3 39.5 42.5 40.5 38.1 42.8 2.145 2.604 Christianity
Balkar 30.1 29.5 30.7 29.3 28.8 29.8 30.9 30.1 31.9 1.689 2.624 Islam
Karelian 45.7 42.4 48.6 44.7 41.3 47.2 47.0 43.5 51.2 1.823 2.108 Christianity
Kazakh 30.7 28.4 32.9 30.1 27.9 32.4 31.2 28.8 33.5 1.872 2.609 Islam
Altay 27.5 25.5 29.4 22.7 21.5 24.2 28.9 26.9 30.8 2.021 2.933 Christianity
Cherkess 31.2 30.1 32.3 29.7 28.3 30.9 32.1 31.1 33.3 1.807 2.607 Islam

[edit] Languages

Russian is the common official language throughout Russia understood by 99% of its current inhabitants and widespread in many adjacent areas of Asia and Eastern Europe. National subdivisions of Russia have additional official languages (see their respective articles). There are more than 100 languages spoken in Russia, many of which are in danger of extinction.

[edit] Religion

Main article: Religion in Russia
St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow.
St. Basil's Cathedral, Moscow.

The most widespread religion in Russia is Eastern Orthodox Christianity dominated by Russian Orthodox Church.

Since the end of Soviet rule, up to 60% of citizens of Russia, including up to 80% of ethnic Russians, have identified themselves as Orthodox, Even non-religious ethnic Russians mostly associate themselves with Orthodox faith for cultural reasons [23]. The Second largest religion is Islam, whose followers are estimated to comprise 10-15% of the population. The majority of Muslims live in the Volga-Urals region and the North Caucasus, although Moscow, Saint Petersburg, and parts of Siberia also have sizable Muslim populations.[24][25] Other branches of Christianity present in Russia include various Protestant faiths (a tiny minority, mainly peoples of western European origins), Roman Catholicism, and Old Believers. There is some presence of Judaism, Buddhism, and Krishnaism, as well. These religions typically occur among minority groups and are quite rare among ethnic Russians and other Slavic peoples. Shamanism and other pagan beliefs are present to some extent in remote areas, sometimes syncretized with one of the mainstream religions.

[edit] Education

Main article: Education in Russia

Literacy:
definition: age 15 and over can read and write
total population: 99.4% (2002)
male: 99.7%
female: 99.2%[6]

Russia's free, widespread and in-depth educational system, inherited with almost no changes from the Soviet Union, has produced nearly 100% literacy. 97% of children receive their compulsory 9-year basic or complete 11-year education in Russian.[citation needed] Other languages are also used in their respective republics, for instance Tatar (1%), Yakut (0.4%) etc.

About 3 million students attend Russia's 519 institutions of higher education and 48 universities. As a result of great emphasis on science and technology in education, Russian medical, mathematical, scientific, and space and aviation research is generally of a high order.[26]

The number of physicians in relation to the population is high by world standards, although medical care in Russia, even in major cities, is generally below Western standards.

[edit] Labour force

The Russian labour force is undergoing tremendous changes. Although well-educated and skilled, it is largely mismatched to the rapidly changing needs of the Russian economy. The unemployment rate in Russia was 5.9% as of 2007. Unemployment is highest among women and young people. Following the collapse of the Soviet Union and the economic dislocation it engendered, the standard of living fell dramatically. However, since recovering from the 1998 economic crisis, the standard of living has been on the rise. As of 2007 about 15% of the population was living below the national poverty line, compared to 40% in 1999.[27][28]

[edit] Health

In 2007 the leading cause of death in Russia was cardiovascular disease, causing about 50% (1.1 million) of all deaths. Alcohol abuse, road accidents and cancer claimed about 500,000 lives, or a quarter of all deaths.[2]

As of 2007, the average life expectancy in Russia is 61.5 years for males and 73.9 years for females.[7] The average Russian life expectancy of 67.7 years at birth is 10.8 years shorter than the overall figure in the European Union.[29] The biggest factor that contributes to the relatively low life expectancy is high mortality among working-age males due to preventable causes such as accidents, alcohol poisoning, violent crimes, heart disease etc.[citation needed] Some infectious diseases are also implicated, such as AIDS/HIV and tuberculosis. Both diseases became widespread in Russia in the 1990s. However, the underlying problems with health care in Russia predate the post-Soviet period.[citation needed] The Soviet Union had been increasingly lagging behind Western countries in terms of mortality and life expectancy since the late 1960s. By 1985, life expectancy for males was 62.7 years in Russia, compared to 71.6 in Great Britain and 74.8 in Japan.[citation needed] The turmoil in the early 1990s and the economic crisis in 1998 caused[citation needed] life expectancy in Russia to go down while it was steadily growing in the rest of the world. Recently however it has begun to rise again; Between 2005 - 2007 the male life expectancy in Russia rose from 58.9 years to 61.5, increasing the overall life expectancy by 2.4 years to 67.7.[7]

[edit] HIV/AIDS

Main article: HIV

As of April 2008, the HIV epidemic in Russia continues to grow, but at a slower pace than in the late 1990s, according to a report by UNAIDS. In 2005 the number of registered HIV cases in Russia was about 370,000, though the actual number of people living with HIV was estimated to be about 940,000.[30] The majority of HIV infections in Russia are registered among injecting drug users, however there is clear evidence of a significant rise in heterosexual transmission. According to the Ministry of Health and Social Development, 14,433 people in Russia living with HIV were reported to be receiving treatment as of 2007.[31]

The Russian Federation has demonstrated a high-level commitment in response to the AIDS epidemic. In April 2006, the State Council met with the Russian President to set goals for developing a strategy for responding to AIDS; improving coordination, through the creation of a high-level multisectoral governmental commission on AIDS; and establishing a unified monitoring and evaluation system. A new Federal AIDS Program for 2007 - 2011 was also developed and adopted. Federal funding for the national AIDS response in 2006 had increased more than twentyfold compared to 2005, and the 2007 budget doubled that of 2006, adding to the already substantial funds provided by the main donor organizations.[31]

Coordination of activities in responding to AIDS remains a challenge for Russia, despite increased efforts. In 2006, treatment for some patients was interrupted due to delays in tender procedures and unexpected difficulties with customs. Additionally, lack of full commitment to an in-depth program for education on sex and drugs in schools hinders effective prevention programs for children.[31]

[edit] Main cities

Moscow is the largest city (population 10.4 million) and is the capital of the Federation. Moscow continues to be the centre of Russian Government and is increasingly important as an economic and business centre. Its cultural tradition is rich, and there are many museums devoted to art, literature, music, dance, history, and science. It has hundreds of churches and dozens of notable cathedrals; it has become Russia's principal magnet for foreign investment and business presence.

Saint Petersburg (population 4.7 million), established in 1703 by Peter the Great as the capital of the Russian Empire, was called Petrograd during World War I and Leningrad after 1924. In 1991, as the result of a city referendum, it was renamed Saint Petersburg. Under the Tsars, the city was Russia's cultural, intellectual, financial, and industrial centre. After the capital was moved back to Moscow in 1918, the city's political significance declined, but it remained a cultural, scientific, and military-industrial centre.

Novosibirsk is the largest city in Siberia, a major industrial city and a transportation hub. The most prominent Russian university outside Moscow and Saint Petersburg—Novosibirsk State University—is located in a suburb of Novosibirsk.

Vladivostok, located in the Russian Far East, is becoming an important centre for trade with the Pacific Rim countries.

Rank Core City Federal Subject Pop. Rank Core City Federal Subject Pop.
view • talk • edit

Moscow
Moscow
Saint Petersburg
Saint Petersburg
1 Moscow Moscow 10,126,424 11 Ufa Bashkortostan 1,042,437
2 Saint Petersburg Saint Petersburg 4,661,219 12 Volgograd Volgograd 1,011,417
3 Novosibirsk Novosibirsk 1,425,508 13 Perm Perm 1,001,653
4 Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod 1,311,252 14 Krasnoyarsk Krasnoyarsk 909,341
5 Yekaterinburg Sverdlovsk 1,293,537 15 Saratov Saratov 873,055
6 Samara Samara 1,157,880 16 Voronezh Voronezh 848,752
7 Omsk Omsk 1,134,016 17 Tolyatti Samara 702,879
8 Kazan Tatarstan 1,105,289 18 Krasnodar Krasnodar 646,175
9 Chelyabinsk Chelyabinsk 1,077,174 19 Ulyanovsk Ulyanovsk 635,947
10 Rostov-on-Don Rostov 1,068,267 20 Izhevsk Udmurtia 632,140
2002 Census[32]

[edit] Rural life

 This section does not cite any references or sources. (March 2008)
Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unverifiable material may be challenged and removed.

Rural life in the Russian Federation is distinct from many other nations. Villages close to larger cities are usually similar to American suburbs. However, villages far from towns are classified by poor living conditions: low salaries, well water, lack of heating equipment, and sometimes lack of electricity (mostly in Siberia). Sanitation and hygiene is also very poor in some areas that completely lack any plumbing whatsoever. Relatively few Russian people live in villages, called derevnyas in Russian (rural population accounted for 27% according to the latest census[33]). Some people rent village houses and use them as dachas, summer houses. Most people in Russia live in the major urban areas.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Data from: Russian Federal Service of State Statistics (Rosstat)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g Russia's population down 0.17% in 2007 to 142 mln RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  3. ^ Оценка численности постоянного населения Российской Федерации Retrieved on May 1, 2008
  4. ^ A Country Study: Russia Library of Congress Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  5. ^ a b c d Russian policies ignite unprecedented birth rate in 2007 The Economic Times March 21, 2008
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Russia CIA World Factbook CIA World Factbook updated 6 March, 2008
  7. ^ a b c Продолжительность жизни россиян возросла с 2005 по 2007 г на 2,4 года, до 67,7 года Retrieved on May 1, 2008
  8. ^ One million people commit suicide every year globally RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 21, 2008
  9. ^ WHO Russia suicide statistics WHO retrieved on March 21, 2008
  10. ^ На начало 2007 года постоянное население России насчитывало 142,2 миллиона человек Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  11. ^ Steven Eke (2007). Russia's population falling fast (HTML). BBC News.Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  12. ^ Russia's birth, mortality rates to equal by 2011 - ministry. RIA Novosti. Retrieved on 2008-02-10.
  13. ^ Vladimir Putin’s State-of-the-Nation Address
  14. ^ Newsru, Население России за пять лет уменьшилось на 3,2 миллиона до 142 миллионов человек, 19.Oct.2007 Retrieved same date
  15. ^ More Abortions Than Births in Russia — Health Official
  16. ^ 500 women in Moscow on waiting lists for in vitro fertilization RIA Novosti Retrieved on March 21, 2008
  17. ^ Indexmundi Fertility Rates Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  18. ^ AirNinja.com - Fertility Rate In Russia 2000-2007
  19. ^ Russia cracking down on illegal migrants. International Herald Tribune (March 15, 2008).
  20. ^ Central Asia: Labor Migrants Face Abuse, Xenophobia Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  21. ^ 2002 Russian census, Женщины наиболее многочисленных национальностей по возрастным группам и числу рожденных детей по субъектам Российской Федерации
  22. ^ 2002 Russian census, Население отдельных национальностей по возрастным группам и полу по субъектам Российской Федерации
  23. ^ in Russian:Социология религии
  24. ^ International Religious Freedom Report 2007 Retrieved on March 29, 2008
  25. ^ CIA - The World Factbook - Russia
  26. ^ Russia country guide — EUbusiness.com - business, legal and financial news and information from the European Union
  27. ^ Indexmundi Poverty Rates Retrieved on March 16, 2008
  28. ^ Российская газета. Неравномерности роста - Между регионами остаются серьёзные различия. (Rossiyskaya Gazeta, pageid=Business&articleid=a1187177738|accessdate=2007-12-27}}
  29. ^ European Union. Central Intelligence Agency. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  30. ^ Eastern Europe and Central Asia AIDS epidemic update UNAIDS Retrieved on May 3, 2008
  31. ^ a b c UNAIDS: Russian Federation UNAIDS Retrieved on March 15, 2008
  32. ^ Russian Census of 2002. 1.4. Cities and towns with population of 50 thousand people and over. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved on 2008-01-16.
  33. ^ Resident population. Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved on 2007-12-27.

[edit] See also

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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