Defile (geography)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Defile is a geographic term for a narrow pass or gorge between mountains or hills. It has its origins as a military description of a pass through which troops can march only in a narrow column or with a narrow front.[1] On emerging from a defile (or something similar) into open country, soldiers are said to debouch (debouch can also be used to describe water that flows out of a defile into a wider place such as a lake) and so a fortification at the end of a defile is sometimes known as a debouch.[2]

In a traditional military formation soldiers march in rank (the depth of the formation) and files (the width of the formation), so if a column of soldiers approach a narrow pass the formation must narrow which means that files on the outside must be ordered to the rear (or to some other position) so that the column has fewer files and more ranks. The French verb for this order is défiler, from which the English verb comes, as does the physical description for a valley that forces this manoeuvre.[3]

Defiles of military significance can also be formed by other physical features that flank a pass or path and cause it to narrow, for example impassable woods and rivers. At the Battle of Agincourt a defile formed by the woods of Agincourt and Tramecourt caused a choke point for the French army and aided the English in their victory over the French.[4]

Some defiles have a permanent strategic importance and become known by that term in military literature. For example the military historian William Siborne name such a geographic feature in France near the frontier with Germany in his book Waterloo Campaign 1815

On the following day, General Rapp fell back upon the Defile of Brümath ; but this he quitted in the night, and took up a favourable position in the rear of the Suffel, near Strasburg.

– William Siborne [5]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Oxford English Dictionary defile n. 1.
  2. ^ Oxford English Dictionary debouch, as a verb and a noun.
  3. ^ Oxford English Dictionary defile n. 2.
  4. ^ Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition Agincourt. "The battle was fought in the defile formed by the wood of Agincourt and that of Tramecourt, at the northern exit of which the army under d'Albret, constable of France, had placed itself so as to bar the way to Calais against the English forces ..."
  5. ^ Siborne, William. Waterloo Campaign 1815, Fourth Edition, Birmingham, 34 Wheeleys Road. Supplement section (p. 772)