Deal, Kent
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
| Deal | |
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  Deal shown within Kent |
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| Population | 29,248 (2001 census) |
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| OS grid reference | |
| - London | 83.9mi |
| District | Dover |
| Shire county | Kent |
| Region | South East |
| Constituent country | England |
| Sovereign state | United Kingdom |
| Post town | DEAL |
| Postcode district | CT14 |
| Dialling code | 01304 |
| Police | Kent |
| Fire | Kent |
| Ambulance | South East Coast |
| European Parliament | South East England |
| UK Parliament | Dover |
| List of places: UK • England • Kent | |
Deal is a town in Kent, England. It lies on the English Channel eight miles north-east of Dover. It is a small fishing community situated between Dover and Ramsgate. Closely associated with Deal are the villages of Kingsdown, Sholden and Walmer, the latter being where Julius Caesar first arrived in Britain (best guess by historians).
Deal was named as a 'limb port' of the Cinque Ports in 1278. Due to its position on the Downs, the town grew to become for a while the busiest port in England; today it enjoys the reputation of being a quiet seaside resort, its quaint streets and houses the only reminder of its fascinating history. The coast of France is approximately twenty-five miles from the town, and is visible on clear days.
Its finest building is the Tudor Deal Castle, commissioned by King Henry VIII and designed with an attractive rose floor plan.
Contents |
[edit] History
[edit] Early history
Archaeological finds indicate that people either settled in or passed through the area during the Neolithic, Bronze Age and Iron Age eras. It is traditionally believed that the beach fronting what is now Deal and Walmer was the site of the initial Roman landings in 55 and 54 BC.[1] The absence of definitive records and changes in the topography of the area has made it impossible to prove the true landing site, although it was very probably in this area.[2] The villages of Deal and Mongeham were recorded in the Domesday Book of 1086, which listed them as "Addelam" and "Mundingeham" respectively.[3] Walmer and Sholden are not mentioned in the book, although the Domesday Monachorum (an ecclesiastical survey made at about the same time) has an entry for "Wealemere", which may be Walmer church. In Saxon times, Deal was held by the canons of St Martin. It then passed to Dover Priory on its founding in 1136, and later to Christ Church Canterbury.[4]
During early mediaeval times, the population of Deal began to grow faster than the other three villages as more of its inhabitants where able to find employment in fishing. The village fishermen built rough shelters on the shingle beach, which was steadily growing seawards. Their pathway from the village to the sea, trodden for centuries, later became known as Church Path, which is still in existence for much of its length. It started at the village centre, opposite St Leonard's church, and passed eastwards to the sea, crossing the marshy wastelands between. The carriage of some goods and passengers across the Channel occurred via Deal, although most went via Dover and Sandwich. By the mid-14th century, Deal and Walmer had become "limbs" of Sandwich in the Cinque Ports organisation, and had to provide the King with ships during times of war.[4]
By the 16th century, Deal's shingle beach had grown to produce a barrier between the sea and the low-lying marshland. The marshland was then able to be drained, and agricultural output increased. The growth of the beach also led to an increase in shipping in the area. The harbours at Sandwich and Dover were becoming blocked by shingle and were unable to be used by larger ships. During unfavourable weather, ships instead began to use the Downs, an area of sheltered sea between Deal and a sandbank 6 miles (9.7 km) east, known as the Goodwin Sands. This provided further employment for village inhabitants, who supplied the ships lying in the Downs with stores, fresh water and sometimes emergency equipment. Buildings began to appear on the newly created land by the sea, at first for businesses servicing ships, and later for residential purposes as well. After the dissolution of the monasteries in the 1530s, the three manors of Deal, Deal Prebend, Court Ash and Chamberlain's Fee, passed to the King. Deal Prebend and Court Ash were granted to the Archbishop of Canterbury; Chamberlain's Fee was kept, and in 1599 passed into private ownership.[5]
[edit] Maritime history
The proximity of Deal's shoreline to the notorious Goodwin Sands has made its coastal waters a source of both shelter and danger through the history of sea travel in British waters. The Downs, the water between the town and the sands, provides a naturally sheltered anchorage. This allowed the town to become a significant shipping and military port in past centuries despite the absence of a harbour, with transit of goods and people from ship to shore conducted using smaller tender craft. Deal was, for example, visited by Nelson and was the first English soil on which James Cook set foot in 1771 on returning from first voyage to Australia. The anchorage is still used today by international and regional shipping, though on a scale far smaller than at other times in the past (some historical accounts report hundreds of ships being visible from the beach).
By the time Dickens came to Deal it had been largely forgotten how the government of 1784, under Prime Minister William Pitt the Younger (who was staying at nearby Walmer Castle, and was later to be appointed Lord Warden of the Cinque Ports in 1792), ensured that the Deal boats were all set ablaze, suspecting some of the Deal luggers of being engaged in smuggling. Pitt had awaited an opportunity that January, when the boats were all 'hoved up' on the beach on account of bad weather, to send a regiment of soldiers to smash and burn them. A naval cutter was positioned offshore to prevent any of the boatmen escaping.
The boatmen's ancestors had the right, under charter, freely to import goods in return for their services as Cinque Port men in providing what had been long recognised as the sole naval defence of the realm. These men continued to risk their lives and their boats, in saving the lives of shipwreck victims.
The irrepressible spirit of the Deal boatmen remained undaunted by these events throughout the Napoleonic Wars, and they continued to assert their hard-earned right to trade.
From these activities news of the events unfolding in France would reach England quickly and regularly, with about 400 men making a living of off Deal beach at that time. The war only made the boatmen’s efforts more profitable, so that afterwards the Government immediately turned a part of its naval blockade into a coastal blockade, which lasted from 1818 to 1831.
Deal had a naval shipyard which provided Deal with much of its trade. On the site of the yard there is now a building originally used as a semaphore tower, and later used as a coastguard house, then as a timeball tower, which it remains today, and as a museum. Besides this and the Deal Maritime Museum, there is no museum of the town's history yet, though a campaign to start one is ongoing - Deal's history is told at Dover Museum instead.
[edit] Royal Marines
The first home of the Royal Marines in Kent was established at Chatham in 1755. Because of its proximity to the continent and the fact that it possessed a thriving naval dockyard, Deal has been closely associated with the corps ever since its foundation. Records from the old Navy yard at Deal exist from 1658 and show that Marines from Chatham and Woolwich were on duty in Deal, and quartered in the town, until the Deal depot was established in 1861.
Deal Barracks has become known over its long history as the Royal Marine School of Music, the barracks at Walmer consisting of the North, East and South (or Cavalry) barracks, and all were constructed shortly after the outbreak of the French revolution.
Part of the South barracks was used from 1815 as the quarters for the 'blockade men', drafted against a threat of local smuggling. The South barracks became a coastguard station thereafter, and this duty continued until 1840.
It was the East barracks which accommodated the School of Music, until the Royal Naval School of Music was formed at Plymouth in 1903, but which moved to Deal in 1930, replacing the original depot band formed in 1891. Thus the institution became known as the Royal Marine School of Music in 1950.
During 1940, at St Margarets Bay, close to Deal, the Royal Marines Siege Regiment came into being and manned cross-channel guns for most of the remainder of the war.
On the 22nd September, 1989, a bomb planted by the IRA killed eleven bandsmen and injured a further 22.
On the evening of March 26, 1996, the Deal populace were privy to a special ceremony, the 'beating of the retreat', coming from the South barracks, as the Marines were commanded to vacate their ancient Kent depot and move to new quarters at Portsmouth. The Marines every year come up to the bandstand and put on a display which attracts well over 4000 people.
[edit] Lifeboats
[edit] Piers
The seafront at Deal has been adorned with three separate piers in the town's history. The first, built in 1838, was designed by Sir John Rennie. After its wooden structure was destroyed in an 1857 gale, it was replaced by an iron pier in 1864. A popular pleasure pier, it survived until the Second World War, when it was struck and severely damaged by a torpedoed Dutch ship, the Nora, in January 1940. This was not the first time the pier had been hit by shipping, with previous impacts in 1873 and 1884 necessitating extensive repairs.
The present pier, designed by Sir W. Halcrow & Partners, was opened on the 19th November 1957 by Prince Phillip. Constructed predominantly from concrete-clad steel, it is 1026ft (311m) in length (the same length, as a notice announces, as the RMS Titanic!), and ends in a three-tiered pier-head, featuring a cafe, bar, lounge, and fishing decks. The lowest of the three tiers is underwater at all but the lowest part of the tidal range, and has become disused. The pier is a popular sport fishing venue.
Deal's current pier is the last remaining fully-intact leisure pier in Kent. Its structure was extensively refurbished and repaired in 1997, with work including the replacement of much of the concrete cladding on the pier's main piles.
Work began in April 2008 to construct a new pier-head with a modern restaurant. Work is expected to take about 20 weeks, meanwhile the pier remains open but with no toilet facilities or cafe[1].
[edit] Museums
Deal has several museums, all are related to Deal's maritime history. Both Deal Castle and Walmer Castle are operated by English Heritage - Deal has a display on the events in the reign of Henry VIII that led to the invasion threat which caused its construction, along with some material on its subsequent history, whereas displays at Walmer concentrate on Walmer's post-Tudor role as the Lord Warden's residence. The Deal Maritime and Local History Museum[2], as the name suggests, has exhibits of boats, smuggler galleys and model naval ships. It also contains extensive histories of the lifeboats as well as local parish registers. The Timeball Tower Museum, on the other hand, focuses on the importance of timekeeping for ships, and the role the building it occupies played.
[edit] Notable references
During the 19th century, Charles Dickens was to comment on the character of the East Kent boatmen, and on one of his visits to Deal (later used for an episode in Bleak House) he wrote:
| “ | These are among the bravest and most skilful mariners that exist. Let a gale rise and swell into a storm, and let a sea run that might appal the stoutest heart that ever beat; let the light ships on the sands throw up a rocket in the darkness of the night; or let them hear through the angry roar the signal guns of a ship in distress, and these men spring up with activity so dauntless, so valiant and heroic, that the world cannot surpass it.... For this and the recollection of their comrades, whom we have known, whom the raging sea has engulfed before their children’s eyes in such brave efforts whom the secret sand has buried, let us hold the boatmen in our love and honour, and be tender of the fame they well deserved | ” |
Earlier descriptions of Deal were much less favourable, with the town notorious in the 17th century as a location for smugglers. Daniel Defoe wrote of the town:
| “ | If I had any satire left to write, Could I with suited spleen indite, My verse should blast that fatal town, And drown’d sailors’ widows pull it down; No footsteps of it should appear, And ships no more cast anchor there. The barbarous hated name of Deal shou’d die, Or be a term of infamy; And till that’s done, the town will stand A just reproach to all the land |
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Diarist Samuel Pepys recorded several visits to the town, being moved on 30 April 1660 [3] to describe it as "pitiful".
[edit] In fiction
Dickens, who had visited the town (see Notable References to Deal), had Richard Carstone garrisoned here in chapter XLV of Bleak House, so that Woodcourt and Esther's paths can cross when Woodcourt's ship happens to anchor in the Downs at the same time as Esther and Ada are visiting Richard:
| “ | At last we came into the narrow streets of Deal, and very gloomy they were upon a raw misty morning. The long flat beach, with its little irregular houses, wooden and brick, and its litter of capstans, and great boats, and sheds, and bare upright poles with tackle and blocks, and loose gravelly waste places overgrown with grass and weeds, wore as dull an appearance as any place I ever saw. The sea was heaving under a thick white fog; and nothing else was moving but a few early ropemakers, who, with the yarn twisted round their bodies, looked as if, tired of their present state of existence, they were spinning themselves into cordage.
But when we got into a warm room in an excellent hotel and sat down, comfortably washed and dressed, to an early breakfast (for it was too late to think of going to bed), Deal began to look more cheerful. Our little room was like a ship's cabin, and that delighted Charley very much. Then the fog began to rise like a curtain, and numbers of ships that we had had no idea were near appeared. I don't know how many sail the waiter told us were then lying in the Downs. Some of these vessels were of grand size—one was a large Indiaman just come home; and when the sun shone through the clouds, making silvery pools in the dark sea, the way in which these ships brightened, and shadowed, and changed, amid a bustle of boats pulling off from the shore to them and from them to the shore, and a general life and motion in themselves and everything around them, was most beautiful. |
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In Jane Austen's Persuasion, chapter 8, the town is mentioned as the only place where Admiral Croft's wife Sophia Croft was ever ill, as it was the only place she was ever separated from him, whilst he was patrolling the North Sea:
| “ | The only time I ever really suffered in body or mind, the only time that I ever fancied myself unwell, or had any ideas of danger, was the winter that I passed by myself at Deal, when the Admiral (Captain Croft then) was in the North Seas. I lived in perpetual fright at that time, and had all manner of imaginary complaints from not knowing what to do with myself, or when I should hear from him next | ” |
- A renamed Deal served as the setting for the William Horwood book, The Boy With No Shoes (ISBN 0-7553-1318-6). It is also the setting for part of his earlier novel The Stonor Eagles.
- It is also the (renamed) setting of Frances Fyfield's crime novel Undercurrents (ISBN 0-7515-3028-X).
- It is also the setting for David Donachie's book A Hanging Matter (ISBN 0-330-32862-X) , a murder and nautical mystery.
- North & South Deal were swapped round in the semi-autobiographical novel The Pier by Rayner Heppenstall.
- Deal also features briefly in H. G. Wells The War of the Worlds.
[edit] Twin towns
[edit] Notable residents
Comedian Norman Wisdom, writer Simon Raven and actors William Hartnell and Charles Hawtrey all lived in Deal. Notable people born in the town include James Arbuthnot, John Hulke, Elizabeth Carter, Clive Metcalfe and John Stanton Fleming Morrison.
[edit] References
[edit] Sources
- Green, Ivan. The Book of Deal and Walmer, Barracuda Books Ltd, 1983, ISBN 0860231569
[edit] External links
- The Deal Society
- Deal Carnival
- Tourist guide to Deal
- photographs of Deal pier and beach
- Deal Timeball Tower Museum
- Harold Chapman's photographs of Deal
- Deal Today community website
- Photographs of Deal
- Deal Pier
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