De aquaeductu
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De aquaeductu, in two books, is an official report to the emperor on the state of the aqueducts of Rome, and was written by Julius Sextus Frontinus at the end of the first century AD. It is also known as De Aquis or De Aqueductibus Urbis Romae. It is the first official report of an investigation made by a distinguished citizen on Roman engineering works which has survived. Frontinus had been appointed Water Commissioner by the emperor Nerva in 95 AD.
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[edit] Water supply of Rome
The work presents a history and description of the water-supply of Rome, including the laws relating to its use and maintenance. He describes the history of all of the nine aqueducts of Rome at the time at which he was writing at the turn of the first century AD. The aqueducts included Aqua Marcia, Aqua Appia, Aqua Alsietina, Aqua Tepula, Anio Novus, Aqua Virgo and Aqua Claudia. They are described with details of the sizes of the channels and discharge rates. Frontinus describes the quality of water delivered by each, mainly depending on their source, be it river, lake or spring.
One of the first jobs he undertook when appointed water commissioner was to prepare maps of the system so that he could assess their condition before undertaking their maintenance. He says that many had been neglected and were not working at their full capacity. He was especially concerned by diversion of the supply by unscrupulous farmers, tradesmen, and domestic users, amongst others. They would insert pipes into the channel of the aqueducts to tap the supply without official approval, or insert pipes of larger diameter than approved.
He therefore made a meticulous survey of the intake and the supply of each line, and then investigated the apparent discrepancies. His assessment was based on the cross-sectional area of the pipes or channels, and he did not take water velocity into consideration.
He was well aware of the seminal work De Architectura by Vitruvius which mentions aqueduct construction and maintenance of the channels, published in the previous century, classing him at one point with "the plumbers".
[edit] Distribution system
Distribution of the water depended in a complex way on its height entering the city, the quality of the water and its rate of discharge. Thus poor quality water would be sent for irrigation, gardens, or flushing, while only the best would be reserved for potable use. Intermediate quality water would be used for the many baths and fountains. However, Frontinus criticises the practice of mixing supplies from different sources, and one of his first decisions was to separate the waters from each system.
Waste water would end up primarily in the main sewers, which led into the Cloaca Maxima and finally the river Tiber. The continuous flow of water ensured that the sewers were kept clear and free of obstructions, so contributing to the hygiene of the city. .
[edit] Maintenance
He was very concerned by leaks in the system, especially those in the underground conduits, which were difficult to locate and mend, a problem still faced by water engineers today. The aqueducts above ground needed care to ensure that the masonry was kept in good condition, especially those running on arched superstructures. They were mainly those aqueducts approaching Rome from the east over the plains of the Roman Campagna. It was, he said, essential to keep trees at a distance so that their roots would not damage the structures. Silting of the channels was another common problem, especially those aqueducts which drew water directly from rivers, such as Anio Novus, and numerous settling tanks (each one being known as a castellum) were built along their lengths. They also served as convenient distribution points in the city itself, where the supply was split to feed different uses.
He reviewed the existing law governing the state aqueducts, as well as the need for enforcement of those statutes.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- Herschel, C, The Two Books on The Water Supply of the City of Rome of Frontinus, (trans with explanatory chapters) New England Water Works Association (1973).
- Ashby, Thomas., The Aqueducts of Rome, Oxford, 1934.
- Hodge, A.T. (2001). Roman Aqueducts & Water Supply, 2nd ed. London: Duckworth.
[edit] External links
- Frontinus at LacusCurtius: full texts of De aquis and Strategemata in Latin and English; illustrated with some of the Monscassinensis manuscript from the Herschel edition.
- Works by Sextus Julius Frontinus at Project Gutenberg
- Sextus Iulius Frontinus (fr)
- Models of Various Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
- Routes of Various Aqueducts of Ancient Rome
- Famous Fountains of Rome
- The Fountains of Rome (by Region)
- Spanish site dedicated to Roman technology, especially aqueducts and mines
