De Dion-Bouton

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1901 De Dion Bouton in the 2005 London to Brighton Veteran Car Run

A De Dion-Bouton from 1899, from a French museum in Paris.

De Dion-Bouton was a French automobile manufacturer and railcar manufacturer operating from 1883 to 1932. The company was founded by Comte Albert de Dion, Georges Bouton (1847-1938) and his brother-in-law Charles Trépardoux.

The company was formed after de Dion in 1881 saw a toy locomotive in a store window and inquired about the toymakers, to build another. Engineers Bouton and Trépardoux had been making a starvation living on scientific toys at a shop in Léon.^[1] Trépardoux had long dreamed of a building steam car, but neither could afford it. De Dion, already inspired by steam (though in the form of rail locomotives)^[2] and with plenty of money,^[3] agreed, and De Dion, Bouton et Trépardoux was formed in Paris in 1883. This became the de Dion-Bouton automobile company, world's largest automobile manufacturer for a time, becoming well-known for their quality, reliability, and durability.^[4]

De Dion on one of his company's early products.

1 Steam cars
2 Internal combustion engine cars
3 Expansion
4 Post war stagnation
5 Railcars
6 Notes
7 Sources
8 External links

[edit] Steam cars

Before 1883 was over, they had formed set up shop in larger premises in Léon,^[5] tried and dropped steam engines for boats, and produced a steam car. With the boiler and engine mounted at the front, driving the front wheels by belts and steering with the rear, it burned to the ground on trials. They built a second, La Marquise, the next year, with a more conventional steering and rear wheel drive, capable of seating four.^[2]

Comte de Dion entered one of these in an 1887 trial, "Europe's first motoring competition", the brainchild of one M. Fossier of cycling magazine Le Vélocipède. Evidently, the promotion was insufficient, for the de Dion was the sole entrant, but it completed the course (with de Dion at the tiller) and was reportedly clocked at 60 km/h (37 mph).^[2] This must be taken with considerable care; the first official land speed record, set in 1898, was 63.15 km/h (39.24 mph). (The vehicle survives, in road worthy condition, and has been a regular entry in the London to Brighton Veteran Car Run.)

Following this singular (if that is the word) success, the company offered steam tricycles with boilers between the front wheels and two-cylinder engines. They were built in small numbers, evidently a favorite of young playboys, before being joined by a larger tractor, able to pull trailers (what has been called a "steam drag"). This larger vehicle introduced the so-called de Dion or "dead" axle, which only carried weight. Entered in the 1894 Paris-Rouen Trial, it averaged 18.7 km/h (11.6 mph) over the 127 km (78 mi) route, but was disqualified, needing a driver and stoker both.^[2]

Two more cars were made in 1885 followed by a series of lightweight two cylinder tricars, which from 1892 had Michelin pneumatic tyres. In 1893 steam tractors were introduced which were designed to tow horse type carriages for passengers or freight^[2] (sometimes called "steam drags") and these used an innovative axle design which would become known as the de Dion tube (though it might more fairly be called the Trepardoux axle, for he designed it),^[5] where the location and drive function of the axle are separated. The company manufactured steam buses and trucks until 1904. Trepardoux, staunchly supporting steam, resigned in 1894 as the company turned to internal combustion vehicles.^[2]^[5] The steam car remained in production more or less unchanged for ten years more.^[5]

[edit] Internal combustion engine cars

1903 De Dion & Bouton 8 CV in the Museo Nazionale dell'Automobile, Turin.

Already by 1889, de Dion was becoming convinced the future lay in the internal combustion engine, and the company had even built a ten-cylinder two-row rotary.^[5] In 1894, Trépardoux and left the company, which became De Dion, Bouton et Compagnie. For 1895, Bouton created a new 137 cc (8.4 in³) one-cylinder engine with trembler coil^[6] ignition. Proving troublesome at its designed speed of 900 rpm (throwing bearings and running rough),^[5] when Bouton increased the revs, the problems vanished; in trials, it hit an unheard of 3500 rpm, and was usually run at 2,000 rpm, a limit imposed by its atmospheric valves and surface carburettor.^[6] Both inlet and exhaust valves were overhead and a flywheel was fitted to each end of the crankshaft.

This engine was fitted behind the rear axle of a tricycle frame bought in from Decauville, fitted with the new Michelin pneumatic tires. It showed supberb performance, and went on the market in 1896 with the engine enlarged to 1¼ CV (Horsepower) (932 W) 185 cc (11.3 in³), with 1¾ CV (1.3 kW) in 1897. By the time production of the petite voiture tricar stopped in 1901, it had 2¾ CV (2 kW), while racers had as much as 8 CV (6 kW).^[6]

In 1898 it was joined by a four wheeler and in 1900 by a vis a vis voiturette, the Model D, with its 3¾ CV (2.8 kW) 402 cc (24.5 in³) single-cylinder engine under the seat and drive to the rear wheels through a two speed gearbox. This curious design had the passenger facing the driver, who sat in the rear sat. The voiturette had one inestimable advantage: the expanding clutches of the gearbox were operated by a lever on the steering column. The Model D was developed through Models E, G, I, and J, with 6 CV (4.5 kW) by 1902, when the 8 CV (6 kW) Model K rear-entry phaeton appeared, with front-end styling resembling the contemporary Renault. Until World War One, de Dions had an unusual decelerator pedal which reduced engine speed and ultimately applied a transmission brake.^[6] In 1902, the Model O introduced three speeds, which was standard for all de Dions in 1904.^[7]

A small number of electric cars were made in 1901, as well.

[edit] Expansion

In 1900, de Dion-Bouton was the largest automobile manufacturer in the world, producing 400 cars and 3,200 engines that year; a factory was also opened in Brooklyn, New York, making De Dion cars for the U.S. market. The company soon began producing engines and licenses for other automobile companies with an estimate of 150 makes using them. Production was so great, it proved impossible to test every engine; if it failed on the bench, it was simply disassembled. (Recall, every engine was being made by hand, for the assembly line had not yet been introduced.) By 1904, some 40,000 engines had been supplied across Europe. That year, de Dion's factory at Quai National, Puteaux, employed 1,300 and produced in excess of 2,000 cars a year,^[6] all also by hand.

The engine moved to the front in 1903 in the Populaire with 700 or 942 cc (42.7 or 57.5 in³) engines, the latter being powerful enough to allow trucks to be added to cars, and by the end of the year reverse gear had also appeared. It was joined by the 6 CV (4 kW) 864 cc (52.5 in³)^[7] Types N and Q (the latter a low-priced K), the 8 CV (6 kW) R,^[7] and their first multi cylinder model, the two cylinder 1728 cc (105 in³) 12 CV (8 kW) S, followed in 1904 by the four cylinder 2545 cc (155 in³) 15 CV (11 kW) Type AD and 24 CV (18 kW)^[7] AI. The cars were also getting more and more conventional in styling, with the radiator moving in front of the engine and the clutch changing from hand lever to pedal.

A pair of works 10 CV (7.5 kW) de Dions, in the hands of Cormier and Collignon, ran in the 1907 Peking to Paris rally, without success. Bouvier St. Chaffray did no better in the New York to Paris in 1908. That year, de Dion peaked as a manufacturer.^[8]

The company became the first to make a successful mass-produced V8 engine, a 35 CV (26 kW) 6107 cc (373 in³) CJ in 1910, followed by a 7.8 liter and a 14.7 liter for the U.S., as well as by a 3534 cc (216 in³) Type CN in 1912. (They trailed Ader in racing an the 1906 Adams, which used an Antoinette aeroengine.)^[8] This would be the company's last innovation.^[9]

During World War I, the company made gun parts, armoured vehicles, and aeroengines, as well as cars and trucks. An anti-aircraft version of the French 75mm field gun, mounted on a V8-powered de Dion Bouton truck, was produced by the firm for the French Army between 1913 and 1918.^[8]

[edit] Post war stagnation

Post World War I the company stagnated. V8 continued to appear until 1923, and in spite of new models with front wheel brakes, the factory closed for much of 1927. On reopening two models were listed, the Type LA with a 1982 cc (121 in³) four cylinder overhead valve, aluminium-piston engine, and the Type LB with a 2496 cc (152 in³) straight-8. The latter was very expensive and sales were few, despite growth to 3 liters in 1930. A rumored takeover by Peugeot or Mercedes^[8] did not materialize, leading to passenger car production stopping in 1932.

Small numbers of commercial vehicles were made up to 1950 and the last vehicles to carry the De Dion badge were licence made Land Rovers in the early 1950s. The company name was bought by a motorcycle maker in 1955.^[8]

[edit] Railcars

De Dion-Bouton JM4 railcar

De Dion-Bouton OC1 and OC2 railcars (foreground)

De Dion-Bouton built railcars and railcar trailers used on many of the metre gauge railways in France, and also abroad. The first railcars were produced in the mid-1920s, with the Chemin de Fer des Côtes-du-Nord receiving its first railcars in 1923.^[10]

[edit] Notes

^ Wise, p. 510.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Georgano, p. 27.
^ Georgano, p. 24 cap.
^ Wise, p. 511-4 passim.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e ^f Wise, p. 511.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wise, p. 512.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d Wise, p. 513.
^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Wise, p. 514.
^ Wise, p. 513 cap.
^ Avoe

[edit] Sources

Georgano, G. N. (1990). Cars: Early and Vintage, 1886-1930. London: Grange-Universal. (reprints AB Nordbok 1985 edition).
Wise, David Burgess (1974). "De Dion: The Aristocrat and the Toymaker", in Ward, Ian, executive editor: The World of Automobiles 5. London: Orbis Publishing, pp 510-4.