Day of Deliverance (India)
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During the Indian Independence movement, Muslim League President Muhammad Ali Jinnah declared 1939-12-22 a "Day of Deliverance" for Indian Muslims, celebrating the resignation of all members of the rival Congress party from provincial and central offices in protest of Britain's refusal to grant India independence after the end of World War II.
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[edit] Background
In 1938 and 1939, the Muslim League tried to bring to light the grievances of Muslims and Muslim groups in Indian states run by Congress governments; the effort led to documents like the 1938 Pirpur report, documenting alleged pro-Hindu and anti-Muslim bias under Congress governments.
Viceroy Linlithgow declared India at war with Germany on 1939-09-03. [1] The Indian National Congress, the dominant political party of the time, objected strongly to the declaration of war without prior consultation with Indians. The Congress Working Committee suggested that it would cooperate if there were a central Indian national government formed, and a commitment made to India's independence after the war.[2] The Muslim League promised its support to the British,[3] with Jinnah calling on Muslims to help the Raj by "honourable co-operation at the "critical and difficult juncture," while asking the Viceroy for increased protection for Muslims.[4]
Congress considered Lithinglow's subsequent response "wholly unsatisfactory and calculated to rouse resentment among all those who are anxious to gain...India's independence," and on 1939-10-22, "call[ed] upon all Congress ministries to tender their resignations." The unilateral protest resignation was supported by Jawaharlal Nehru, but less so by Mahatma Gandhi, who felt that it would strengthen both unwanted British wartime militarization and the Muslim League.[5] Both Viceroy Linlithgow and Muhammad Ali Jinnah were pleased with the resignations.[1][2]
[edit] Jinnah's appeal
On 1939-12-02, Jinnah put out an appeal, calling for Indian Muslims to celebrate 1939-12-22 as a "Day of Deliverance" from Congress:[6]
“
I wish the Musalmans all over India to observe Friday the 22nd December as the “Day of Deliverance” and thanksgiving as a mark of relief that the Congress regime has at last ceased to function. I hope that the provincial, district and primary Muslim Leagues all over India will hold public meetings and pass the resolution with such modification as they may be advised, and after Jumma prayers offer prayers by way of thanksgiving for being delivered from the unjust Congress regime. I trust that public meetings will be conducted in an orderly manner and with all due sense of humility, and nothing should be done which will cause offence to any other community, because it is the High Command of the Congress that is primarily responsible for the wrongs that have been done to the Musalmans and other minorities.”
[edit] Congress reaction
The proposed Day of Deliverance was criticized as being divisive. On 1939-12-09, Gandhi appealed to Jinnah to end the observance in light of pending Congress/Muslim league unity discussions, and in anticipation of third party review of Muslim League allegations made about Congress' treatment of Muslims.[7]
Nehru exchanged several letters with Jinnah between December 9-14, 1939, offering to deal with specific allegations of anti-Muslim actions, but the discussions fell through because Nehru refused to disassociate Congress from Indian Muslims unaffiliated with the Muslim League, and concluded that:[8]
“
I regret to learn this for this means that, apart from communal questions, we differ entirely on purely political grounds. The Congress demand is essentially for a declaration of war aims and more especially for a declaration of Indian independence and the right of the Indian people to frame their own constitutions without external interference. If the Muslim League does not agree to this, this means that our political objectives are wholly dissimilar.”
The celebration was also criticized by prominent senior Muslim members of Congress, including Abul Kalam Azad, who stated:[9]
“
And now, when the Congress has given up on the government of eight provinces of its own choice and free will, what advice has the League President to offer to the Muslims? It is this that they should march toward the mosques and thank God on their deliverance from Congress ministries which preferred duty to power and have resigned not only on the issue of India's freedom but for the rights of all downtrodden peoples of the East. It is difficult to imagine any group of Muslims, howsoever at loggerheads with the Indian National Congress, would tolerate to be presented to the world in such colors.”
[edit] Observance
The Day of Deliverance was celebrated in many parts of India by Muslim League supporters, as well some non-Muslim Congress opponents. The latter included the All-India Depressed Classes Association, Dalit leader B. R. Ambedkar and the Independent Labour Party, as well as some Parsis, Anglo-Indians, and Dravidians.[10][11]
Before the Day of Deliverance events, Ambedkar stated that he was interested in participating: "I read Mr. Jinnah's statement and I felt ashamed to have allowed him to steal a march over me and rob me of the language and the sentiment which I, more than Mr. Jinnah, was entitled to use." He went on to suggest that the communities he worked with were twenty times more oppressed by Congress policies than were Indian Muslims; he clarified that he was criticizing Congress, and not all Hindus.[11]
Jinnah and Ambedkar jointly addressed the heavily-attended Day of Deliverance event in Bhindi Bazaar, Bombay, where both expressed "fiery" criticisms of the Congress party, and according to one observer, suggested that Islam and Hinduism were irreconcilable.[11][12]
E. V. Ramasami Naicker of the Justice Party called upon his party and all Dravidians to celebrate December 22 "on a grand scale...to rid the country of the menace of the Congress."[13]
Meetings and rallies were held by Muslims in various parts of Bengal, which was a step in the development of Bengali Muslim separatist politics.[14]
[edit] Remembrance
The Day of Deliverance is included in the Pakistani Federal Public Service Commission and Civil Service Commission's competitive examinations.[15][16]
[edit] References
- ^ a b Anderson, Ken. Gandhi - The Great Soul. The British Empire: Fall of the Empire. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ a b Bandhyopadhyay, Sekhara (2004). From Plassey to Partition: A History of Modern India. India: Orient Longman, 412. ISBN 8125025960. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Schofield, Victoria (2003). Afghan Frontier: Feuding and Fighting in Central Asia. London, New York: Tauris Parke Paperbacks, pp. 232-233. ISBN 1860648959. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley (1998-03-22). Lecture by Prof. Stanley Wolpert: Quaid-e-Azam Mohammad Ali Jinnah's Legacy to Pakistan. Jinnah of Pakistan. Humsafar.info. Retrieved on 2007-12-11.
- ^ Wolpert, Stanley (2001). Gandhi's Passion: The Life and Legacy of Mahatma Gandhi. Oxford University Press, pp. 192-193. ISBN 019515634X. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Nazaria-e-Pakistan Foundation. Appeal for the observance of Deliverance Day, issued from Bombay, on 2nd December, 1939. Quaid-i-Azam’s Speeches & Messages to Muslim Students. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ GandhiServe Foundation. Chronology 1939. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Johari, J.C. (1993). Voices of Indian Freedom Movement, Volume X: Voice of Muslim Nationalism and Communialism, Part 4. New Delhi: Anmol Publications PVT, pp. 575-579. ISBN 8171582257. Retrieved on 2007-12-10.
- ^ Tendulkar, D. G. (August 1967). Abdul Ghaffar Khan: Faith is a Battle. New Delhi: Gandhi Peace Foundation, pp. 297-298.
- ^ Read, Anthony; David Fisher (1998). The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence. New York, London: W. W. Norton & Company, 290. ISBN 0393318982. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ a b c Keer, Dhananjay (2005). Dr. Ambedkar: Life and Mission. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 330. ISBN 8171542379. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Zakaria, Rafiq (2001). The Man Who Divided India: An Insight Into Jinnah's Leadership and Its Aftermath. Mumbai: Popular Prakashan, 79. ISBN 817154892X. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Rao, K. V. Ramakrishna (2001-01-18). "The Historic Meeting of Ambedkar, Jinnah and Periyar". Retrieved on 2007-12-27.
- ^ Asiatic Society of Bangladesh. Day of Deliverance. Banglapedia. Retrieved on 2007-12-04.
- ^ Government of Pakistan Federal Public Service Commission (2007). Federal Public Service Commission Competitive Examination for Recruitment to Posts in BPS-17, Under the Federal Government, 2007 (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
- ^ Civil Service of Pakistan. Federal Govt. Grades 16 & 17 Recruitment Competitive Examination: Pakistan Affairs, 1971-1996 (PDF). Retrieved on 2007-12-06.
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