Dari (Zoroastrian)
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| Dari (Zoroastrian) "Dari" |
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|---|---|---|
| Spoken in: | Yazd and Kerman, (Iran) | |
| Region: | Central Iran | |
| Total speakers: | 8,000-15,000 native speakers | |
| Language family: | Indo-European Indo-Iranian Iranian Western Iranian Northwestern Iranian Central Iran Dari (Zoroastrian) |
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| Language codes | ||
| ISO 639-1: | none | |
| ISO 639-2: | ||
| ISO 639-3: | gbz | |
| Note: This page may contain IPA phonetic symbols in Unicode. | ||
Dari is a Northwestern Iranian[1] ethnolect spoken as a first language by estimated 8,000 to 15,000 Zoroastrians in and around the cities of Yazd and Kerman in central Iran.[2] The ethnolect is often overlooked by linguists because the region is predominantly Muslim and because Dari is primarily spoken (rarely written).
The Zoroastrians of Yazd and Kerman are known to preserve the language when they emigrate, and speakers of Dari may also be found among the Irani community of Bombay, India.
Dari is also known as 'Gabri' (var: 'Gavrŭni', 'Gabrōni') or 'Behdināni'.[3] Dari has numerous dialects.[4] It is incomprehensible to speakers of standard Persian.[5][6]
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[edit] Genealogy
Genealogically, Dari is a member of the Northwestern Iranian language subfamily, which includes several other closely related languages, for instance, Kurdish, Gilaki, and Balochi.[7] These Northwestern Iranian languages are a branch of the larger Western Iranian language group, which is in turn a subgroup of the Iranian language family.
[edit] Name
Indigenous speakers of Dari prefer the name 'Dari', but among Iran's Muslims, the language is also known as 'Gabri'. This latter name can be considered offensive as it carries a pejorative connotation (cf. Gabr for details).
Dari as spoken by Iran's Zoroastrians should not be confused with the Dari Persian dialect spoken in Afghanistan and Central Asia.
[edit] Dialects
The Dari language has traditionally been divided into two main dialects: the variety spoken in Yazd and the one spoken in Kerman. This division of the language, based on the division of its speakers into their two main cities of residence, conceals the complexity of the actual dialectical situation. The Yazdi dialect itself has some thirty varieties, each distinct and unique to one of the Zoroastrian neighborhoods in and around Yazd. The variation amongst the Yazdi dialects is so great that, were they not for their geographic proximity, they would no doubt be classified as distinct dialects. The Kermani dialect may also contain (or may have contained at one time) a comparable level of dialectical complexity.
[edit] Endangered status
The vitality of the Dari language is being affected, or has been affected in the past, by two main types of pressure: economic and political.
The pressures affecting the vitality of Dari today are largely economic. In order to obtain an economic advantage, speakers are giving up their traditional language for the dominant language of Iran, Persian. Parents intentionally do not transmit Dari to their children in order that they may have what is felt to be an advantage in school and in life. The language loss can also occur more indirectly and less visibly when people move to larger urban centers or abroad in pursuit of better economic opportunities; the lack of a complete language environment in which to immerse a child decreases or completely inhibits the transmission of the language to new generations.
In past times, Dari speakers have experienced political pressures to yield up their language as well. The period since the seventh-century Muslim conquest of Persia has been a time of great persecution for the Zoroastrians of Iran. Political pressures have directly resulted in language loss when Zoroastrians have deliberately abandoned their language as a means of hiding their identity so as to escape persecution. Political pressures have also led to language loss indirectly; the oppression the Zoroastrians have been experienced under Iran’s various rulers over the past thousand or so years has driven a steady stream of Zoroastrians to more tolerant areas, mostly the capital, Tehran, or abroad. Again, a complete language environment does not exist in these places, inhibiting the transmission of Dari to new generations.
Linguists currently consider Dari to be in a state of language shift. Many of the language’s speakers have assimilated to the dominant culture of the society they live in and have given up—intentionally or unintentionally—their traditional language. Languages like Dari are transitioning from a state of language maintenance, in which a language is being sustained in the face of pressure from a dominant culture, to language death, a state in which the language is no longer spoken.
Many of Dari’s dialects are facing extinction at an even more rapid pace than the language as a whole. Since each of Dari’s many dialects has a smaller community of speakers, they are more susceptible to the forces driving the language towards extinction. Some dialects have already effectively reached extinction, for example, the Mohammadabad dialect, which, it is reported, possesses only a few speakers living in Tehran. The Kerman dialect, always susceptible because of the smaller size of its Zoroastrian population, also seems to be largely lost.
[edit] See also
[edit] References
- ^ Cahill 2005.
- ^ Farudi & Toosarvandani 2007.
- ^ Farudi & Toosarvandani 2005, p. 149.
- ^ Farudi & Toosarvandani 2004, pp. 10-12.
- ^ Boyce 2001, p. 178.
- ^ cf. Browne 1893, p. 425 cited in
Farudi & Toosarvandani 2004, p. ii. - ^ Cahill 2001.
[edit] Bibliography
- Boyce, Mary (2001), Zoroastrians: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, London: Routledge
- Browne, Edward Granville (1893), A Year Amongst the Persians, London: A & C Black
- Cahill, Michael et al., ed. (2001), “Language Family Tree for Northwestern Iranian languages”, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th ed., Dallas: SIL
- Cahill, Michael et al., ed. (2005), “DARI: a language of Iran”, Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 15th ed., Dallas: SIL
- Farudi, Annahita & Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (2004), The Dari Language Project: 2004 Fieldwork Endeavor: Summary of Findings, Berkeley: UC Berkeley/linguistics.berkeley.edu, <http://linguistics.berkeley.edu/~dari/2004_summary_of_findings.pdf>
- Farudi, Annahita & Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (2005), “The Loss of Ergativity in Dari Modal Verbs”, in McNay, Anna, Oxford Working Papers in Linguistics, Philology & Phonetics, pp. 149-160
- Farudi, Annahita & Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (2007), “About Dari”, Dari Language Project, Berkeley: UC Berkeley/linguistics.berkeley.edu
For further reading, see
- Farudi, Annahita & Toosarvandani, Maziar Doustdar (2007), “A Comprehensive Bibliography of Published Works on Dari”, Dari Language Project, Berkeley: UC Berkeley/linguistics.berkeley.edu
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