User:Daniel/Sandbox/Hailstorms in Sydney
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Contents |
[edit] Climatology and geography
[edit] Damage
[edit] Notable events
[edit] 1947
The 1947 hailstorm struck Sydney on New Year's Day, January 1, 1947. The supercell moved from the west to the east across the Sydney metropolitan area, dropping hailstones reportedly larger than the size of a cricket ball.[1] The storm caused around 1000 injuries, with at least 350 requiring hospitalisation or other medical attention.[2][3] These were mainly caused by either broken window shards or people stranded on the Sydney beaches in the late afternoon when it struck.[4] The storm was the most severe to strike the city in living memory at the time.[2][5]
The storm cell developed over the Blue Mountains to the west of Sydney in the late morning, dropping hailstones the size of billard balls across the south-western suburbs of Sydney.[1][5] It moved directly over Liverpool heading in a north-west direction before slowly bending its path to be travelling almost due west as it passed over the southern part of the central business district.[6] The storm continued to intensify as it cut through the suburbs, and eventually unleashed its full power across the eastern suburbs of Sydney. The suburbs most seriously affected were Surry Hills as well as the Bondi and Rose Bay region.[5][6]
[edit] 1990
[edit] 1991
[edit] 1999
The 1999 hailstorm was the costliest natural disaster in Australian history, causing extensive damage along the east coast of New South Wales. The storm developed south of Sydney on the afternoon of April 14, 1999 and struck the city's eastern suburbs, including the central business district, later that evening.[7] During the event, the Bureau of Meteorology was consistently surprised at the frequent changes in direction, as well as the severity of the hail and the duration of the storm. The event was also unique as the time of year and general conditions in the region were not seen as conducive for an extreme thunderstorm to form.[8][9]
The storm dropped an estimated 500,000 tonnes of hailstones in its path.[10][11] Insured damages caused by the storm were over A$1.7 billion,[8][12] with the total damage bill (including uninsured damages) estimated to be around A$2.3 billion, equivalent to US$1.5 billion.[13][14] It was the costliest in Australian history in terms of insured damages, overtaking the 1989 Newcastle earthquake that had resulted in A$1.1 billion in insured damages. Lightning also claimed one life during the storm, and caused approximately 50 injuries.[15][16]
[edit] Notes
- ^ a b Whitaker (2005), 97.
- ^ a b Whitaker (2005), 94.
- ^ Emergency Management Australia (2007).
- ^ Whitaker (2005), 95.
- ^ a b c Newman (1947), 23.
- ^ a b Whitaker (2005), 96.
- ^ Zillman (1999), 19.
- ^ a b Schuster, et al. (2005), 1.
- ^ Zillman (1999), 29.
- ^ Steingold, et al. (1999), 2.
- ^ Henri (1999), 16.
- ^ Climate Action Network Australia, et al. (2006), 2.
- ^ Emergency Management Australia (2006).
- ^ Coenraads (2006), 229.
- ^ Bureau of Meteorology (2007).
- ^ Emergency Management Australia (2003), 61.
[edit] References
http://ams.allenpress.com/perlserv/?request=get-document&doi=10.1175%2F1520-0493(2000)128%3C3308%3ARCOSIT%3E2.0.CO%3B2&ct=1 http://www.ses.nsw.gov.au/multiattachments/2774/DocumentName/Preparing_for_Severe_Storms_in_NSW.pdf
- Bureau of Meteorology (2007). Severe Thunderstorms: Facts, Warnings and Protection. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Climate Action Network Australia, Environment Victoria, Greenpeace, Nature Conservation Council of New South Wales, World Wildlife Fund (2006). Power to Change. Bellingen Shire Council. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Coenraads, Robert (2006). Natural Disasters And How We Cope. Victoria, Australia: The Five Mile Press, pp. 228—9, 537. ISBN 1 74178 212 0.
- Emergency Management Australia (2003). Hazards, disasters and your community. Canberra, Australia: Emergency Management Australia, pp. 26—7, 30, 69. ISBN 1 921152 01 X.
- Emergency Management Australia (September 13, 2006). Sydney, NSW: Severe Hailstorm (incl Lightning) - 14 April 1999. Australian Government - Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Emergency Management Australia (August 7, 2007). Sydney, NSW: Severe Hailstorm - 1 January 1947. Australian Government - Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Henri, Christopher (1999). The Sydney hailstorm: the insurance perspective. Australian Government - Attorney-General's Department. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Newman, Barney (1947). Phenomenal Hailstorm with Thunderstorm, Sydney 1st January 1947. Sydney, Australia: Bureau of Meteorology.
- Schuster, Sandra; Blong, Russell, Speer, Milton (March 16, 2005). "A hail climatology of the greater Sydney area and New South Wales, Australia". International Journal of Climatology 25 (12): 1633—1650. New York City, United States: Wiley.
- Steingold, Malcolm, Walker, George (May, 1999). Sydney Hailstorm 14 April 1999: Impact on Insurance and Reinsurance. Aon Re Australia Limited. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
- Whitaker, Richard (2005). Australia's Natural Disasters. Sydney, Australia: Reed New Holland, pp. 93—104. ISBN 1 877069 04 3.
- Zillman, Dr. John (1999). Report by the Director of Meteorology on the Bureau of Meteorology's Forecasting and Warning Performance for the Sydney Hailstorm of 14 April 1999. Bureau of Meteorology. Retrieved on 2007-09-08.
