Danite

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This article is about the Mormon group. "Danite" can also refer to a member of the Tribe of Dan.

The Danite were a fraternal organization founded by Latter Day Saints in June 1838, at Far West in Caldwell County, Missouri. During their brief period of formal organization in Missouri, the Danites operated as a vigilante group and took a central role in the events of the Mormon War. The exact nature and scope of the organization, and its connection to The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints is a matter of some dispute among historians.

In 1834, during the march of Zion's Camp, Joseph Smith created a militia known as the "Armies of Israel" to protect his community; this group was also called the Danites. After the Mormon War of 1838, the term "Danite" was often connected with any Latter Day Saint militantism, including the Nauvoo police, the body guards of Joseph Smith, Jr., the "Whistling and Whittling Brigades", and Brigham Young's so-called "Destroying Angels" or "Avenging Angels." Although some members of these later groups had been Danites in the Missouri period, the leadership of the 1838 secret society, particularly Sampson Avard, was not associated with the leadership of the peace-keeping militias using the same name.

Contents

[edit] Background

Prior to 1838, the Latter Day Saint movement had two centers — one in Kirtland, Ohio and the other in northwestern Missouri. The headquarters and First Presidency of the church were in Kirtland, while the Missouri church was led by a Stake Presidency made up of David Whitmer, William Wines Phelps, and John Whitmer. In 1836, John Whitmer and Phelps founded the town of Far West, Missouri, which became the headquarters of the church in Missouri. Throughout 1837, the church in Kirtland was torn apart due to conflicts over the failure of the church's Kirtland Safety Society Bank; if the shareholders had paid in full their true share amount to the Society, it probably would have been successful.[citation needed] Ultimately, Joseph Smith, Jr. and Sidney Rigdon of the First Presidency lost control of the headquarters, including the Kirtland Temple, to dissenters led by Warren Parish, who had once entered the temple armed with pistols and knives. Smith and Rigdon relocated to Far West in April 1838.

In Missouri, financial disagreements had likewise created dissatisfied dissenters. The Missouri presidency stood accused of mismanaging church funds intended for the purchase of Missouri lands on which Latter Day Saints could settle. Thomas B. Marsh led a series of church courts, which released from office and ultimately disfellowshipped the presidency and their key supporters. However, these men and their families continued to live in Caldwell County. The legal situation concerning the property they had purchased in their names — some of it on behalf of the church, some for their own use — was unclear. When leaders of the community at Far West attempted to claim some of the property for use by the onslaught of incoming converts, the dissenters filed lawsuits to retain possession of all the land and spoke out against the First Presidency.[1]

[edit] Early organization

[edit] Formation of the group

In June 1838, a group of Mormons began meeting together in Far West under the leadership of Sampson Avard, Jared Carter, and George W. Robinson to discuss the problem of the dissenters.[2] The group organized under the name "The Daughters of Zion", but they soon became known as the "Sons of Dan".

[edit] Background of the name "Danites"

Sampson Avard may have chosen the name because the great Biblical figure Samson was of the tribe of Dan, and was famous for his dramatic retaliations against the enemies of the Children of Israel.[citation needed]

Alternatively, the group may have been named for the tribe of Dan, the warrior tribe of Israel whose name means "God will judge." Though Dan was initially a very unremarkable tribe, unable to conquer most of its assigned tribal area, the Book of Judges tells how a small group of 600 warriors from the tribe of Dan marched on the large, foreign city of Laish and conquered it (Judges 18).

The name "Danites" might also refer to a Biblical prophecy found in the Book of Daniel (Daniel 7:18). According to Albert P. Rockwood, a loyal Mormon writing in October 1838:

"The Companies are called Danites because the Prophet Daniel has said that the Saints shall take the kingdom and possess it forever."[3]

[edit] Dissenters

Thomas B. Marsh, former President of the Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, left the church and began writing and speaking out against it, which resulted in his formal excommunication. He left after hearing reports of the destruction of non-Mormon settlements, including Gallatin, by the Mormons. As a dissenter, he made claims against the growing church. He used the fact that he had been present at many Danite meetings to bring validity to his claim that the Danites swore oaths "to support the heads of the church in all things that they say or do, whether right or wrong."[4] The newly formed band disagreed initially on what steps to take against the dissenters. Reed Peck, another ex-Mormon, alleged that Jared Carter and Dimick B. Huntington proposed that the group "kill these men that they would not be capable of injuring the church."[5] Marsh (while still a practicing Mormon) and John Corrill successfully argued against the proposal.[citation needed]

[edit] Sidney Rigdon's "Salt Sermon"

John Corrill recalled that "the first presidency did not seem to have much to do with [the Danites] at first", and some of the Danites clearly saw this sermon as a sign of approval.[6] The matter was tabled until the following Sunday when Sidney Rigdon preached his Salt Sermon, in which he likened the dissenters to "salt that had lost its savor." He went on to state that the dissenters would be "trodden under the foot of men."[7] Corrill stated that "although [Rigdon] did not give names in his sermon, yet it was plainly understood that he meant the dissenters or those who had denied the faith."[8] Rigdon's strongly-worded sermon may have played a significant role in encouraging the dissenters to leave the county.[9]

[edit] The Danite Manifesto

Ebenezer Robinson (who remained with the church after 1838), recalled that the next day a letter was "gotten up in the office of the First Presidency,"[10] which Danite leader Sampson Avard later charged was written by Sidney Rigdon.[11] The letter was addressed specifically to the principal dissenters: Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer, John Whitmer, William Wines Phelps, and Lyman E. Johnson. It made several accusations concerning the actions and character of these dissenters and then stated:

"We have solemnly warned you, and that in the most determined manner, that if you do not cease that course of wanton abuse of the citizens of this county, that vengeance would overtake you sooner or later, and that when it did come it would be as furious as the mountain torrent, and as terrible as the beating tempest; but you have affected to despise our warnings, and pass them off with a sneer, or a grin, or a threat, and pursued your former course; and vengeance sleepeth not, neither does it slumber; and unless you heed us this time, and attend to our request, it will overtake you at an hour when you do not expect, and at a day when you do not look for it; and for you there shall be no escape; for there is but one decree for you, which is depart, depart, or a more fatal calamity shall befall you."[12]

The letter — later known as the "Danite Manifesto" — displayed the signatures of eighty-three Mormons, including that of Joseph Smith's brother, and fellow member of the First Presidency, Hyrum. Hyrum's personal involvement with the Danites, however, is questionable.[citation needed] Robinson later claimed that all of the signers were Danites.[13]

The letter had the desired effect and the few named dissenters quickly fled the county, relocating to Liberty and Richmond in neighboring Clay and Ray counties. Despite the harsh treatment of the few vocal dissidents, a dozen others were permitted to peacefully remain in the community. One of the expelled dissenters, John Whitmer, claimed that they had been "driven from their homes" and robbed "of all their goods save clothing & bedding &c."[14] Reed Peck agreed, asserting that "the claims by which this property was taken from these men were unjust and perhaps without foundation cannot be doubted by any unprejudiced person acquainted with all parties and circumstances."[15]

Joseph Smith (who denied any direct involvement with the Danites) noted in his Scriptory Book that Sidney Rigdon spoke on the subject of the dissenters "took warning, and Soon they were Seen bounding over the prairie like the Scape Goat to carry of[f] their own Sins we have not Seen them Since, their influence is gone, and they are in a miserable condition. So also it with all who turn from the truth to Lying Cheating defrauding & Swindeling."[16] According to Peck, Sidney Rigdon likewise approved, even asserting that the Mormons were within their rights to expel an undesirable minority from their midst, saying that:

"When a country, or body of people have individuals among them with whom they do not wish to associate and a public expression is taken against their remaining among them and such individuals do not remove it is the principle of republicanism itself that gives that community a right to expel them forcibly and no law will prevent it."[17]

The non-Mormon Missourian majority about this time asked the Mormons to leave, at first making just a request without threat of force. In coming months, hostilities between Mormons and Missourians would grow to the point that the State Militia drove most of the Mormons out of Missouri. Governor Lilburn Boggs issued Executive Order 44 on October 27, 1838, which expelled the Mormons from Missouri.

[edit] Expanded roles of the Armies of Israel, and the Mormon War

Joseph Smith soon took action against Avard in the name of the church, removing him from all military duties and establishing him as a surgeon to help with the wounded; Avard mentions this demotion himself.[18] With the opposition leaders ousted and the mob violence increasing, the sanctioned Danite group took on three additional primary functions, (1) enforcement of the Law of Consecration, (2) political activities, and (3) militia activities.[19]

Joseph Smith outlined some of the expanded roles in his journal on July 27, 1838:

"Thus far, according to the order of the Danites. We have a company of Danites in these times, to put to right physically that which is not right, and to cleanse the Church of every great evil which has hitherto existed among us inasmuch as they cannot be put to right by teachings and persuasyons [sic]. This company or a part of them exhibited on the fourth day of July [—] They come up to consecrate, by companies of tens, commanded by their captains over ten."[20]

[edit] Danites as enforcers

The Law of Consecration was a commandment given to the church to establish a kind of communitarian program whereby the saints were to give or "consecrate all their money and property to the Church" and lease it back, so that the church could purchase lands for settlement by the destitute converts continually pouring into northwestern Missouri. Corrill recalled that "shortly after the Danites became organized, they set out to enforce the Law of Consecration, but this did not amount to much".[21]

In the realm of politics, the Danites were called upon to distribute tickets containing the names of candidates approved by the Presidency for the election which was held on August 6. Church leader John Corrill was the approved candidate and consequently won election to the Missouri House of Representatives, but he conceded, "Many saw that it was taking unfair advantage of the election and were extremely dissatisfied" (Corrill, p. 33). A second outpost of Danites had been organized in Daviess County under the leadership of Lyman Wight, who was also a colonel in the state militia. The Danites in Daviess County took part in the Gallatin Election Day Battle, when a group of non-Mormons attempted to prevent any Mormons from voting.[22]

[edit] Danites as a militia

On July 4, 1838, the Latter Day Saints in Far West held a large Independence Day celebration. As part of the celebration, a military review was held in which both the Mormons of the legal Caldwell County militia (led by Colonel George M. Hinkle), and the Danites (led by Jared Carter, Sampson Avard and Cornelius P. Lott) paraded.[23] The key-note address came from church spokesman, Sidney Rigdon, who gave an oration, sometimes referred to as the Mormons' "Declaration of Independence" from the "persecution of mobs."[citation needed] In it, Rigdon announced:

"And that mob that comes on us to disturb us, it shall be between us and them a war of extermination; for we will follow them until the last drop of their blood is spilled; or else they will have to exterminate us, for we will carry the seat of war to their own houses and their own families, and one party or the other shall be utterly destroyed..."[24]

Although the First Presidency was generally pleased with the speech and had copies printed and distributed, Brigham Young later recalled that it was "the prime cause of our troubles in Missouri."[25]

[edit] Danites and the Daviess Expedition

See also: Mormon War: Daviess expedition

The new policy of an "aggressive defense against mobs" was put into practice in Daviess County when a group of non-Mormon vigilantes, primarily from Clinton and Platte counties, began to harass Mormons in outlying areas. The vigilantes hoped to drive the Mormons from the county through a policy of intimidation, the burning of isolated homes, and the plundering of property. Seeing the mob violence as a repeat of the nightmares they went through in Independence, Missouri a half-dozen years earlier, the Latter Day Saints requested assistance from state authorities, with little success. On October 18, Joseph Smith called for the assistance of all men who could participate; elements of the Caldwell militia, as well as some of the Danites and their secret oaths of vengeance, gathered at Adam-ondi-Ahman, the saints' headquarters in Daviess County. From there, Apostle David W. Patten led raiding parties against the settlements of Gallatin, Millport, and Grindstone Forks. The cannon with which the mob had promised to attack Far West was found buried in the ground, and the towns were basically deserted; remaining non-Mormons were expelled, and some stores and homes were burned. Additionally, the property left by the fleeing mobs was "consecrated" by the raiding parties and brought back to the bishop's store house in Adam-ondi-Ahman. These actions caused Apostles Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde to dissent after this incident. They traveled to Richmond and swore out an affidavit replete with falsehoods concerning the existence of the Danites, and spread rumors that a Danite "destroying company" had been set up with instructions to burn Richmond and Liberty.[26]

[edit] Background of the Danites and the Battle of Crooked River

Main article: Battle of Crooked River

1838 saw an escalation in tensions between the members of the Latter Day Saint church and their neighbors in northwestern Missouri. Ray County was located immediately south of the Mormon Caldwell County. The two counties were separated by a no man's land 6 miles wide and 1 mile high, known as "Bunkham's Strip" or "Buncombe Strip." This unincorporated strip was attached to Ray County for administrative and military purposes. The citizens of Ray County and their neighbors to the west in Clay County, first began to have concerns about the Mormons to the north when a group of "dissenters" from the church was expelled from Caldwell County. These dissenters, including David Whitmer, W.W. Phelps, John Whitmer and Oliver Cowdery had been the leaders of the Latter Day Saint church in Missouri. They relocated their families to Richmond and Liberty, the county seats of Ray and Clay, respectively, and claimed that their lives had been threatened and their property had been stolen by the Mormons.[27]

Conflicts between the Mormons and non-Mormons in Carroll County and Daviess County throughout the summer put settlers in the more settled counties of Ray and Clay increasingly on edge. This unease reached a bursting point when further dissenters, Thomas B. Marsh and Orson Hyde of the Mormon Quorum of the Twelve Apostles, arrived in Richmond and reported that the Mormons had invaded Daviess County and sacked the county seat of Gallatin. They also charged that a Mormon group known as the Danites planned to burn Richmond and Liberty to the ground. This testimony sent the worried citizens into a near frenzy. Women, children and property were ferried across the Missouri River for protection against an imminent Mormon invasion, and the state militia was put on alert.

[edit] Lead-up to the battle

General David R. Atchison, of Clay County, commander of the state militia in northwestern Missouri ordered a company led by Captain Samuel Bogart of Clay County to patrol Bunkham's strip to "prevent, if possible, any invasion of Ray county by persons in arms whatever".[28] Bogart was not necessarily the best man for the job. According to Peter Burnett, a resident of Liberty, "Captain Bogard was not a very discreet man, and his men were of much the same character."[29] Bogart had previously participated in a vigilante group that harried the Mormons in Carroll County.

Bogart quickly exceeded his orders. He and his men began visiting the homes of Latter Day Saints living in Bunkham's Strip, forcibly disarming them and ordering them to leave Ray County. Bogart then apparently penetrated into Caldwell County and began to similarly harass Mormons there, advising them to remove to Far West, the county seat.[30] Returning to Ray County, his men captured three Mormons — Nathan Pinkham, Jr., William Seely, and Addison Green — who may have been acting as scouts against a potential invasion from Ray County.

Exaggerated reports quickly made it to Far West to the effect that a "mob" had captured and intended to execute a group of Mormon prisoners. The Mormons immediately assembled an armed rescue party. Although Colonel George M. Hinkle, head of the official Caldwell County militia was available, Joseph Smith placed Apostle David W. Patten in charge of the force.[31] Patten, who had come to be known as "Captain Fear-not", for his part in the attacks in Daviess County, was apparently a leader in the Danite organization, and the choice of him over Hinkle may indicate the rescue was planned as an unofficial excursion. The Mormon force quickly moved south along the main road connecting Far West and Richmond.

[edit] The battle

Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River.
Click the image for an enlarged map illustrating the Battle of Crooked River.

On the night of October 24, 1838, Captain Bogart's unit had camped along the banks of Crooked River in Bunkham's Strip. Patten and the Mormon rescue company approached from the north along the main road. At daybreak on the 25th, the Mormons encountered the militia's sentries. A brief firefight ensued with each side testifying that the other had fired first.[32] One of the sentries, John Lockhart, shot Patrick Obanion, the Mormons' scout. Obanion later died from this wound. Lockhart and the other guards then fled down the hill to the militia camp which took up a defensive position.[33]

The Mormon company approached the camp of the Ray militia and formed a battle line in three columns, led by David W. Patten, Charles C. Rich, and Patrick Durfee. Rich later recalled that soon after the Mormons had formed their lines, the militia "fired upon us with all their guns."[34] A general firefight commenced, but the militia were situated behind the riverbank and held the strategically superior position. Patten decided to charge the militia position, shouting the Mormon battle cry of "God and Liberty!" The Missourians were without swords and so broke their lines and fled across the river in all directions. During the retreat, the Mormons continued to fire and one of the militiamen, Moses Rowland, was killed.

During his charge, however, Patten was shot and mortally wounded. Ebenezer Robinson recalled that Patten had been "brave to a fault, so much so that he was styled and called 'Captain Fearnought'."[35] Although it was not immediately realized, Gideon Carter had also been killed, making a total of three Mormon fatalities and one militiaman fatality. The Mormons collected their wounded as well as the baggage Bogart's unit had left in the camp and made their way back to Far West.[36]

[edit] Aftermath

Although the battle resulted in only four fatalities, the effect was a massive escalation of the Mormon War. Exaggerated reports (some claiming that half of Bogart's men had been lost) made their way to Missouri Governor Lilburn Boggs who responded by issuing the executive order known as the "Extermination Order" which stated that the "[t]he Mormons must be treated as enemies, and must be exterminated or driven from the state." Boggs called out 2,500 state militiamen to put down what he perceived to be open rebellion by the Mormons. In the end, the leaders of the church were captured and the bulk of the membership were forced to leave the state.

Thousands of Latter Day Saints had flowed into Missouri in just a few years; they were against slavery and voted as a bloc. This led to the unease and the mob action against the Saints; Sidney Rigdon fueled the fire with his July 4 speech. The Missouri state officials considered the Mormons to be the aggressors in the war, and after the destitute saints were forced to flee to Illinois, their homes in Far West and Adam-ondi-Ahman were occupied by the mob. A large number of church leaders, including Joseph Smith, Sidney Rigdon, Hyrum Smith, Parley P. Pratt, and George W. Robinson were charged with many crimes including treason. It was during a preliminary hearing that Smith and the other defendants learned that Danite leader Sampson Avard had testified against them. As a result of the testimony, Judge Austin A. King of the Fifth Circuit of Missouri ruled that there was sufficient evidence to hold Smith, Rigdon and other leaders for trial; nevertheless, they waited for over six months in Liberty Jail for their trial. Despairing of ever being allowed to come to trial, Smith and the others escaped from the prison, and soon made their way to join the Latter Day Saints in Quincy, Illinois.

[edit] Scholarly controversies concerning the Danites

There are many primary accounts of the Danites and their activities — from the recorded court testimony to numerous eye-witness and personal accounts — but these sources are often highly partisan and are occasionally contradictory.[citation needed] The existence of the Danites from June 1838 until the end of the Mormon War, and their participation in key events is well attested. However, scholars have some points of dispute, mainly concerning:

  1. the extent of Danite membership among the Mormons,[citation needed]
  2. the legitimacy of Avard's testimony concerning the Danites, and[citation needed]
  3. Joseph's Smith and the church's relationship to the Danites.[citation needed]

[edit] Number of Danites

The two primary and opposing views concerning the extent of the Danite organization are represented by authors D. Michael Quinn and Alexander L. Baugh.

Quinn follows the affidavit of self-professed Danite John N. Sapp, who stated on September 4, 1838, that the number of Danites was "betwixt eight and ten hundred men, well armed and equipped...." He also credits the testimony of another Danite, Anson Call, who claimed that "the whole of the Military Force" at Far West belonged to the Danite organization. Based on these and other statements, Quinn concludes that nearly the entire fighting force of some 900 Mormon men in Caldwell and Daviess counties had become Danites, and that by end of summer 1838, to be a member in full standing a Mormon must also have been a Danite.[37]

Baugh disagrees and argues that the Danites were always "a select group." He finds the testimony of John Corrill, who gave the total number of Danites at 300, more reliable than that of Sapp or Call.[38]

[edit] Avard's testimony

Sampson Avard became the star witness for the prosecution in the trial of Joseph Smith and other Mormon leaders. Many had expected Avard to be the primary suspect, and his role as a witness was a surprise to both the Mormons and Missourians.[39] Avard testified that he considered "Joseph Smith, jr., as the prime mover and organizer of the Danite band."[40] He went on to record several pages of testimony in which he implicated Smith as the overall commander of the Daviess Expedition and other Danite vigilante activities. He also included a recitation of a Danite Constitution with 8 articles, specifying that the "executive power" of the Danite society would be "vested in the president of the whole church."[41]

Mormon historians question the accuracy of much of Avard's testimony. Some have pointed out that to avoid prosecution himself, he may have promised prosecutors that he could implicate Smith in the Danite organization.[42] As such, he might have deliberately over-emphasized or evenly falsely implicated Smith in some of the events. Some of the details Avard relates are unattested to or contradicted by other sources. For example, no one else makes any reference to the elaborate Danite constitution outlined by Avard.

It should also be noted that Smith condemned Avard publicly and in the official "History of the Church" (volume 3, pp. 179-181). According to Smith's account, Avard, then a new member to the church, formed a "secret combination", an allusion to nefarious societies in the Book of Mormon. Smith further stated that Avard's prideful leadership and zeal prompted him to organize the group and that this occurred contrary to the will of Smith and the other heads of the LDS Church. According to this view, Avard illegitimately claimed to be the Lord's agent, and according to a quote Smith attributed to Avard, he wanted to profit from vigilantism by taking "spoils of the goods of ungodly Gentiles [non-Mormons]."[43]

Smith also condemned Avard harshly.

This lecture of the doctor's revealed for the first time the true intent of his designs, and the brethren he had duped suddenly had their eyes opened, and they at once revolted and manfully rejected his teachings. Avard saw that he had played and lost, so he said they had better let the matter drop where it was. As soon as Avard's villainy was brought to the knowledge of the president of The Church he was promptly excommunicated, and was afterwards found making an effort to become friends with the mob, and conspiring against The Church. This is the history of the Danite band, "which", says the Prophet Joseph, "died almost before it had an existence."[44]

With regard to Avard's excommunication, History of the Church states:

When a knowledge of Avard's rascality came to the Presidency of the Church, he was cut off from the Church, and every means proper used to destroy his influence, at which he was highly incensed and went about whispering his evil insinuations, but finding every effort unavailing, he again turned conspirator, and sought to make friends with the mob.[45]

Therefore, Joseph Smith, Jr. at least publicly condemned the organization and its founder, discouraging Latter-day Saints from making any more vigilante groups, exhorting them to instead have groups strictly for "self defense, in case of an attack from the mob." Mob violence was an ongoing problem for the Latter-day Saints during this period, and in all likelihood the problem was enhanced by rumors about the Danites.

[edit] Relationship to Joseph Smith and the church

There are conflicting views concerning the connection between the Danites, the church, and Joseph Smith, Jr. One view is that Smith was the prime mover in every aspect of the group's activities and the other view is that he had no connection whatsoever, save to condemn it. There are good reasons to discount both extreme positions, and identifying an accurate middle view remains a point of conflict among scholars.[citation needed]

Sampson Avard claimed that Smith was the leader of the group and Smith claimed that Avard was the leader. Both views are backed up by additional testimony in the trial and also by first hand recollections of the participants.[citation needed]

Moses Clawson, John Corrill, Reed Peck, and others all named Avard as the head of the organization and George M. Hinkle testified that Joseph and Hyrum Smith never commanded any Danites in the field (Baugh, p. 41). Statements from other participants including Ebinezer Robinson (Quinn, p. 93), Morris Phelps,[46] and John D. Lee,[47] however, place Smith in a commanding role.

While it is clear that Smith was aware of the existence of the Danites and initially approved of certain Danite activities, his role in the creation of Avard's secret society and his involvement in its later actions is still unknown. It does seem clear, however, that after Avard's betrayal (and subsequent excommunication), Smith publicly condemned both Avard and the organization, which ceased to operate as a society.[citation needed]

[edit] Later Danite connections and folklore

Numerous rumors followed the Latter Day Saints in their later centers of settlement about the continuance of the Danite society after 1838. These beliefs were fueled by the fact that many prominent former Danites continued to occupy prominent roles in the church.[citation needed] For example, Lyman Wight who was expelled from Far West along with other dissenters, returned to the church and was ordained an Apostle of the church three years after the events of the Mormon War in Missouri.

Other prominent former Danites continued to fulfill militant roles associated with the church. Hosea Stout, for example, became the chief of police in the new church headquarters of Nauvoo, Illinois. Under Brigham Young, Stout was made the head of the "Whistling and Whittling Brigade" — an extralegal group of young boys that peacefully followed strangers who would visit Nauvoo and made them nervous until they left.[citation needed] Another former Danite, Orrin Porter Rockwell, became a body guard to Joseph Smith in Nauvoo, and later to Brigham Young. In Utah, Rockwell gained fame as one of Young's "Destroying Angels."

Former Danite John D. Lee was one of the leaders of the Mormon militia in southern Utah that participated in the Mountain Meadows massacre. Lee's lengthy confessional autobiography describes the operations of the Danites in Missouri, but makes no indication of any continuing existence of the organization.[48]

Although many former Danites may have continued to perform in militia capacity during the years following 1838. Numerous accounts of the "Danites" and their supposed atrocities continued to be a part of Mormon and general folklore. A particularly famous example is Arthur Conan Doyle's fictionalization of the Danites in A Study in Scarlet, the first Sherlock Holmes novel, published in 1887. In the story, the Danites constitute a rather brutal group of enforcing vigilantes operating under the direction of Brigham Young---and more particularly the fictional Sacred Council of Four, silencing criticism and questioning, and preventing dissenters from leaving the Salt Lake Valley. Though recognized now as an obvious embellishment of the fabrications of the activities of the original Missouri band---transplanted to the "wild west", the notoriety of Rockwell and stories & rumors of others of Young's Avenging Angels made acceptance of the "authoritative" Sherlock story a simple matter for English readers.

[edit] Rumors of "Danites" practicing "blood atonement" or vigilante justice in Utah

Historian Leland Gentry states that after Sampson Avard was captured in November 1838, the Danite movement "died a quick death."[49] Nevertheless, rumors and accusations that the Danites continued to exist followed the Mormons after they arrived in Utah in 1847. For instance, when the expedition of Lt. John W. Gunnison was killed by Indians in 1853, it was rumored that the Danites had a hand in the affair.[50] The same rumors circulated when Indians killed territorial official Almon W. Babbitt on the plains in 1856.[51] In addition, during the Mormon Reformation of 1856, remarks made by Brigham Young and Jedediah M. Grant led to a belief that a doctrine of "blood atonement" had been put into practice. This belief was also associated with supposed Danites.

Some[who?] think that a sermon by Brigham Young on July 5, 1857, just before the start of the Utah War, is proof of the continued existence of Danites. In the address Young referred to former Mormon persecutors, mobocrats, and the "priests, editors, and politicians" who were then denouncing Mormonism and demanding military action by the United States. Young declared that if these provocateurs came to the Utah Territory, the Mormons would deal with them. He stated that anyone who entered the territory and didn't "behave themselves," including any Mormon who "unlawfully disturbs anyone," would "find a 'Vigilance Committee.'" This may have been[weasel words] a reference to the famous San Francisco Vigilance Committee of 1856, an organization that one writer has called "the largest and most influential vigilante group in American history."[52] In addition, Young declared that any such men would find "not only the Danites, whom they talk so much about, biting the horses heels, but the scoundrels will find something biting their heels."[53] However, Young often sarcastically referred to "Danites" in his sermons when speaking of the stories told about the Mormons in the eastern press. Throughout the period, he consistently denied their existence in both public and private. For instance, in June 1857, he stated in a public address,

"[people assert that the Danites] are in every town and city throughout the whole of the United States, and that their object is not known by the people. That they are all over the world; that there are thousands of them, and that the life of every officer that comes here is in the hands of the Danites. That even the President of the United States is not safe, for at one wink from Brigham the Danites will be upon him and kill him...It is all a pack of nonsense, the whole of it."[54]

Later, in September 1857, Young said in a private meeting of the church leadership,

"the world accuse me of controlling the affairs of Calafornia & kansas &c. The people do believe that we have a Band Called the Danites but how Could they exist so long without shedding Blood? For we Cannot find that they have killed any body. But I do not know of any such men."[55]

A decade later, Brigham Young again denied the existence of violence by Danites, stating April 7, 1867:

Is there war in our religion? No; neither war nor bloodshed. Yet our enemies cry out "bloodshed", and "oh, what dreadful men these Mormons are, and those Danites! how they slay and kill!" Such is all nonsense and folly in the extreme. The wicked slay the wicked, and they will lay it on the Saints.[56]

Historian Leonard Arrington attributes the stories of Danites in Utah to overzealous descriptions of the "Minute Men," a law enforcement organization created by Brigham Young to pursue marauding Indians and white criminals.[57] As stated above, Arthur Conan Doyle and other authors had also popularized the idea of blood-thirsty Danites riding rough-shod through Utah in various fictional works.[58] However, there exists evidence that in order to deter and punish crime in Utah Territory, Young occasionally authorized local church leaders to engage in vigilante actions on an ad hoc basis.[59] In fact, in early 1857, Young ordered local authorities to carefully monitor two recently released convicts on the trail to California. If they were caught stealing livestock along the way, he authorized their summary execution. Unfortunately, this may have led to an attack on an unrelated party which wounded several individuals in a case of mistaken identity.[60] Indeed, in the same sermon where he spoke of the Danites and Vigilance Committees in 1857, Young also stated,

"There have been men here who have had their plans to arrange for robbing; and I will take the liberty to say that, when we find them, 'judgement will be laid to the line and righteousness to the plummet.' Those are my feelings, and I express them plainly, that the good and honest may be able to pass from the Eastern States to California, and back and forth, in peace...I want the people in the States to know that there are a few poor curses here, and to know that we do not want gangs of highwaymen here. And I say to such characteres...we will send you home quick, whenever we can catch and convict you."[61]

These vigilante actions may have also been a source for the continued Danite myth.[62]

[edit] References to Danites in modern works

A number of modern authors make references to "Danites" as a shadowy, secret group who terrorized 19th century Utah. These references often appear in works critical of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, and rumors of "Danites" practicing some form of "blood atonement" often play a significant role in these accounts.

Sir Arthur Conan Doyle wrote critically of the Mormons and of their practice of hunting out dissenters in his first Sherlock Holmes story, A Study in Scarlet.

Sally Denton, in her book American Massacre, claims that the Danites and "blood atonement" had a prominent role in 19th century Utah society. Denton attributes the creation of the Danites to Joseph Smith as his “secret group of loyalists” and suggests that they became “one of the most legendarily feared bands in frontier America.” According to Denton, this “consecrated, clandestine unit of divinely inspired assassins” introduced “the ritualized form of murder called blood atonement-providing the victim with eternal salvation by slitting his throat.”[63] Denton claims that “blood atonement” was one of the doctrines which Mormons held “most sacred” and that “[t]hose who dared to flee Zion were hunted down and killed.”[64] Denton implies that large numbers of such “atonements” occurred during the Mormon reformation of 1856, although “none of the crimes were ever reported in the Deseret News", and that the “bloody regime…ended with [Jedediah] Grant’s sudden death, on December 1, 1856.”[65]

In her book Leaving the Saints, Martha Beck postulates the existence of a "Danite" band "disposing" of people who opposed Brigham Young:

Brigham Young formalized and anointed these assassins as the Danites, whose mission included espionage, suppression of information, and quietly, permanently disposing of people who threatened the Mormon prophet or the Latter-day Saint organization. Again, not many Mormons know this detail of Church history, but every now and then, Utah papers record murders with uniquely Mormon flavoring (death by temple-sanctioned methods, for example), and the word that goes out on the Latter-day grapevine is Danite.[66]

LDS scholars point out an apparent contradiction between the existence of a "Latter-day grapevine" that is aware of "Danites" and the statement that "not many Mormons know this detail of Church history."[citation needed]

[edit] See also

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ Anderson, pp. 61-64
  2. ^ Baugh 2000, p. 36
  3. ^ Jesse & Whittaker 1998, p. 23
  4. ^ Document 1841, pp. 58
  5. ^ Peck, p. 22
  6. ^ Corrill 1839, p. 31
  7. ^ Van Wagoner 1994, p. 218
  8. ^ Corrill 1839, p. 31
  9. ^ Gentry 1972, p. 2
  10. ^ Quinn, p. 94
  11. ^ Document 1841, pp. 102
  12. ^ Document 1841, pp. 103-106
  13. ^ Quinn, p. 94
  14. ^ John Whitmer, p. 184
  15. ^ Peck, p. 28
  16. ^ Cook, Lyndon W and Cannon, Donald Q., (1838), Far West Record, p. 225
  17. ^ Peck, p. 33
  18. ^ Document 1841, pp. 99
  19. ^ Anderson, pp. 28-30, 34-35, 61-64, Johnson pp. 42, Baugh, pp. 37-40
  20. ^ Faulring, p. 198
  21. ^ Corrill, p. 46; Lee, pp. 64-66
  22. ^ Lee, pp. 60-63
  23. ^ Baugh, p. 45; Elders' Journal Aug. 1838
  24. ^ Van Wagoner, p.
  25. ^ Times and Seasons, October 1844
  26. ^ Document 1841, pp. 57-59
  27. ^ Peck, pp. 27-28
  28. ^ Document 1841, pp. 108
  29. ^ LeSueur 1990, p. 132
  30. ^ Baugh, p. 100
  31. ^ Document 1841, pp. 127
  32. ^ Baugh, p. 103
  33. ^ Document 1841, pp. 142
  34. ^ Baugh, p. 104
  35. ^ Baugh, p. 104
  36. ^ LeSueur 1990, pp. 141-42
  37. ^ Quinn 1994, pp. 102-03
  38. ^ Baugh 2000
  39. ^ Lesueur 1986, p. 6
  40. ^ Document 1841, p. 97
  41. ^ Document 1841, p. 102
  42. ^ Lesueur 1986, p. 13
  43. ^ Gentry 1974, p. 4 Also, History of the Church 3:180.
  44. ^ B.H. Roberts, The Missouri Persecutions, p. 220
  45. ^ History of the Church, Vol. 3, p. 181
  46. ^ Document 1841, pp. 109-110
  47. ^ Lee, p. 73
  48. ^ John Doyle Lee, Mormonism Unveiled: The Life & Confessions of John D. Lee
  49. ^ Leland H. Gentry, The Danite Band of 1838, BYU Studies 14, no. 4 (1974), 19.
  50. ^ Norman F. Furniss, The Mormon Conflict:1850-1859, 41, 53.
  51. ^ Norman F. Furniss, The Mormon Conflict:1850-1859, 41, 53.
  52. ^ Christian G. Fritz, Popular Sovereignty, Vigilantism, and the Constitutional Right of Revolution, The Pacific Historical Review, Vol. 63, No.1, p. 39, 58 (1994).
  53. ^ (Young 1857, p. 6)
  54. ^ Deseret News 6/17/1857.
  55. ^ Journal of Wilford Woodruff, 5:90.
  56. ^ Young 1867, p. 30
  57. ^ Leonard Arrington. Brigham Young: American Moses, 250.
  58. ^ Rebecca Foster Cornwall and Leonard J. Arrington. Perpetuation of a Myth: Mormon Danites in Five Western Novels, 1840-90.
  59. ^ Ardis E. Parshall. "Pursue, Retake & Punish: The 1857 Santa Clara Ambush. Utah Historical Quarterly.
  60. ^ Ardis E. Parshall. "Pursue, Retake & Punish: The 1857 Santa Clara Ambush. Utah Historical Quarterly.
  61. ^ (Young 1857, p. 6)
  62. ^ Ardis E. Parshall. "Pursue, Retake & Punish: The 1857 Santa Clara Ambush. Utah Historical Quarterly.
  63. ^ Denton 2003, p. 16
  64. ^ Denton 2003, p. 70, 106
  65. ^ Denton 2003, p. 106
  66. ^ Beck 2005, p. 190 LDS scholars note a contradiction between the existence of a "Latter-day grapevine" that is aware of "Danites" and the statement that "not many Mormons know this detail of Church history"

[edit] References

[edit] External links

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