D2 (video format)

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For other uses D2, see D2 (disambiguation).

D-2 is a professional digital video tape format created by Ampex and other manufacturers through a standards group of the Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) and introduced at the 1988 NAB (National Association of Broadcasters) convention as a lower-cost alternative to the D-1 format. Like D-1, D-2 video is uncompressed; however, it saves bandwidth and other costs by sampling a fully-encoded NTSC or PAL composite video signal, and storing it directly to magnetic tape, rather than sampling component video. This is known as digital composite.

Ampex conceived of D-2 as a more practical solution for TV broadcasters since it could be inserted into existing broadcast chains and studio facilities without extensive redesign or modifications. This was because, among other things, in addition to its lower purchase and operating costs this D-2 composite digital tape transport accepted standard RS-170A analog inputs and outputs.

Four audio channels are available for editing as well as an analog cue channel. D-2 was the first digital tape format to offer "read before write" (an Ampex term) also known as "preread" on Sony recorders. Read before write allowed simultaneous playback and recording on the same VTR. For example a title could be super imposed over existing video already on the same video tape by playing the tape through a production switcher, adding the title, and recording the new composite image back onto the same location of the tape. This eliminated the need for an additional recorder and saved considerable time in linear editing. If the digital inputs and outputs are used with a digital composite switcher multigenerational performance is excellent. Hundreds of layers of video are possible without image quality loss using the digital inputs and outputs. If one were to edit using D2 VTRs with analog I/O then there is image loss due to repeated analog to digital conversions and the normal image defects contained in a studio's analog infrastructure. Ampex D-2 tape transports are extremely fast. A high speed search at 60 times playback speed with a recognizable color picture allowed three hours of videotape to be searched through in around three minutes.

D-2 used 19 mm (¾ inch) metal particle tape loaded into three different sized cassettes. PCM-encoded audio and timecode are also recorded on the tape. Although the D-2 tapes are similar in appearance to the D-1 format, they are not interchangeable.

D-2 had a relatively brief heyday. As of 2003, only a handful of broadcasters use the D-2 format, and even then only to access materials recorded when the format was more popular.

Panasonic's competing composite digital format is known as D-3.

[edit] Models

• Sony
  • DVR-10
  • DVR-18
  • DVR-20
  • DVR-28
  • DVC 80 Library Management System - LMS
  • DVC 1000s Library Management System - LMS

• • • DCR-10 (sold by BTS)
    • DCR-18 (sold by BTS)
    • DCR-20 (sold by BTS)
    • DCR-28 (sold by BTS)

• Ampex
  • VPR-200
  • VRP-250
  • VPR-300

• Hitachi

D2-ampex.JPG Ampex D2 VTR

Sony D2

[edit] See also

• D-5 HD

v • d • e Video storage formats Videotape Analog Quadruplex (1956) · VERA (1958) · Type A (1965) · CV-2000 (1965) · Akai (1967) · U-matic (1969) · EIAJ-1 (1969) · Cartrivision (1972) · Philips VCR (1972) · V-Cord (1974) · VX (1974) · Betamax (1975) · IVC (1975) · Type B (1976) · Type C (1976) · VHS (1976) · VK (1977) · SVR (1979) · Video 2000 (1980) · CVC (1980) · VHS-C (1982) · M (1982) · Betacam (1982) · Video8 (1985) · MII (1986) · S-VHS (1987) · Hi8 (1989) · S-VHS-C (1987) · W-VHS (1994) Digital D1 (1986) · D2 (1988) · D3 (1991) · DCT (1992) · D5 (1994) · Digital Betacam (1993) · DV (1995) · Digital-S (D9) (1995) · DVCPRO (1995) · Betacam SX (1996) · DVCAM (1996) · HDCAM (1997) · DVCPRO50 (1998) · D-VHS (1998) · Digital8 (1999) · DVCPRO HD (2000) · D6 HDTV VTR (2000) · MicroMV (2001) · HDV (2003) · HDCAM SR (2003) Videodisc Analog Phonovision (1927) · TeD (1975) · Laserdisc (1978) · CED (1981) · Laserfilm (1984) · CD Video (1987) Digital VCD (1993) · MovieCD (~1995) · DVD/DVD-Video (1995) · MiniDVD (~1995) · CVD (1998) · SVCD (1998) · EVD (2003) · XDCAM (2003) · HVD (2004) · FVD (2005) · UMD (2005) · VMD (2006) · HD DVD (2006) · Blu-ray Disc (2006) Solid state DVCPRO P2 (2004) · AVC-Intra (2006) · XDCAM EX (2007) Digital tapeless MOD (2005) · AVCHD (2006) · TOD (2007) Non-video TV recording Kinescope (1947) · Electronicam kinescope (1950s) · Electronic Video Recording (1967)