Cypriniformes
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| Cypriniformes Fossil range: Paleocene - Recent[1] |
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The Cypriniformes are an order of ray-finned fish, including the minnows and some related families.[2] Historically these included all the forms now placed in the superorder Ostariophysi except the catfish, which were placed in the order Siluriformes. Defined thus, the Cypriniformes were paraphyletic, and recently the orders Gonorhynchiformes, Characiformes (characins and allies), and Gymnotiformes (knifefishes and electric eels) have been separated out to form their own monophyletic orders.[3]
Aside from the features they share with the rest of the Ostariophysi, of which the Weberian apparatus is the most notable, the Cypriniformes are distinguished by having a single dorsal fin (most of the others have a second, fleshy adipose fin), the kinethmoid, and by having teeth in the throat rather than the mouth, called pharyngeal teeth. Other groups of fish, such as cichlids, also possess pharyngeal teeth, however, the cypriniformes' pharyngeal teeth oppose a chewing pad located on the base of the skull instead of an upper pharyngeal jaw. [2]
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[edit] Diversity and distribution
This order contains six families, 321 genera, and about 3,268 species. They are most diverse in southeastern Asia, but are entirely absent from Australia and South America.[2]
[edit] Constituent families
The families of Cypriniformes are divided into two superfamilies. Superfamily Cyprinioidea contains Cyprinidae and Psilorhynchidae, and superfamily Cobitioidea contains Balitoridae, Catostomidae, Cobitidae, and Gyrinocheilidae. Superfamily Cyprinioidea is more primitive than the latter.[2]
The most notable family placed here is the Cyprinidae, the carps and minnows. This is one of the largest families of fish, and is widely distributed across Africa, Eurasia, and North America. Most species are strictly freshwater inhabitants, but a considerable number are found in brackish water, such as roach and bream. At least one species is found in the sea, the Pacific Redfin, Tribolodon brandtii.[4] The brackish water and marine cyprinids are invariably anadromous, swimming upstream into rivers to spawn.
The other families in the Cypriniformes are the Balitoridae, Catostomidae, Cobitidae, Gyrinocheilidae, and the Psilorhynchidae.[5]
The Balitoridae[6] and Psilorhynchidae[7] are small families of mountain stream fishes the feed on algae and small invertebrates. The are found only in tropical and subtropical Asia. The Catostomidae are known as suckers and found in temperate North America and eastern Asia.[8] These large fishes are similar to carps in appearance and ecology. The Cobitidae are the loaches that are common across Eurasia and parts of North Africa. They are rather similar to catfish in morphology and behaviour, feeding primarily off the substrate and equipped with barbels to help them locate food at night or in murky conditions. The Gyrinocheilidae is another small family of mountain stream fishes and is confined to Southeast Asia.[9]
[edit] Evolution
Cypriniformes is the most primitive of the otophysans. This is evidenced not only by physiological evidence, but their great distribution, which indicates they had the longest time to spread.[1][2] The earliest that Cypriniformes might have diverged from Characiformes is thought to be about 250 million years ago.[10] However, their divergence probably occurred much later, between 115 and 160 million years ago.[1]
Cypriniformes is thought to have originated in south-east Asia, where the most diversity of this group is found. The alternative hypothesis is that they began in South America, similar to the other otophysans. If this were the case, they would have spread to Asia through Africa; as characiforms began to evolve, they may have outcompeted South American basal cypriniforms, while more advanced African cypriniforms managed to survive and coexist with characiforms.[1]
The earliest fossils, from family Catostomidae, are known from the Paleocene of Alberta. During the Eocene, catostomids and cyprinids spread throughout Asia. After the Eocene, the cyprinids began to outcompete the catostomids, causing their decline.[1] Cyprinids probably began their radiation in Asia prior to the Eocene, reached Africa in the early Miocene, and North America and Europe by the mid-Oligocene. The cypriniforms would have spread to North America through the Bering land bridge.[1]
[edit] Commercial importance
The Cyprinidae in particular are important in a variety of ways. Many species are important food fish, particularly in Europe and Asia. Some are also important as aquarium fish, of which the goldfish and koi are perhaps the most celebrated. Accidentally or deliberately introduced populations of carp[11] and grass carp[12] are found on all continents except Antarctica. In some cases, these exotic species have a negative impact on the environment, carp in particular stir up the riverbed reducing the clarity of the water making it difficult for plants to grow.[13]
The other families are of less commercial importance. The Catostomidae have some importance in angling, and a few species of Cobitidae and Gyrinocheilidae are traded as aquarium fish.
[edit] References
- ^ a b c d e f Briggs, John C. (2005). "The biogeography of otophysan fishes (Ostariophysi: Otophysi): a new appraisal" (PDF). Journal of Biogeography 32: 287–294. doi:.
- ^ a b c d e Nelson, Joseph, S. (2006). Fishes of the World. John Wiley & Sons, Inc..
- ^ Helfman G., Collette B., & Facey D.: The Diversity of Fishes, Blackwell Publishing, pp 228-229, 1997, ISBN 0-86542-256-7
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Species summary for Tribolodon brandtii (Pacific redfin). FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Order Cypriniformes. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Family Balitoridae. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Family Psilorhynchidae. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Family Catostomidae. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Froese, R. and D. Pauly. Editors.. Family Gyrinocheilidae. FishBase. Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Saitoh, Kenji; Miya, Masaki; Inoue, Jun G.; Ishiguro, Naoya B.; Nishida, Mutsumi (2003). "Mitochondrial Genomics of Ostariophysan Fishes: Perspectives on Phylogeny and Biogeography" (PDF). Journal of Molecular Evolution 56: 464–472.
- ^ Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes. State of Florida (2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ Florida's Exotic Freshwater Fishes. State of Florida (2006). Retrieved on 2007-03-05.
- ^ University of Southern Mississippi/College of Marine Sciences/Gulf Coast Research Laboratory (2005-08-03). Fact Sheet for Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus, 1758). Gulf States Marine Fisheries Commission. Retrieved on 2007-05-03.
[edit] External links
- "Cypriniformes." ITIS Standard Report. (Integrated Taxonomic Information System: National Museum of Natural History, Washington, D.C., 2004-04-28). ITIS 162846
- Cypriniformes Tree of Life
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