Cutting agent

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A cutting agent is a chemical used to "cut" (adulterate) illicit drugs with something less expensive than the drug itself.

[edit] Overview

The classical model of drug cutting (cf. Preble & Casey, 1969) refers to the way that illicit drugs were diluted at each stage of the chain of distribution. The rationale for such cutting is greed. A dealer can quickly turn one kilogram of a given drug into two kilograms by mixing one kilogram of adulterant/cutting agent with the original kilogram of drug. This would give the dealer two kilograms (of half-strength drug) to sell instead of one, so when the dealer sells his stock, he receives twice the revenue he would have received otherwise. Similarly, a dealer who is also an addict could take half of the kilogram for his or her own habit and then mix that amount of a cutting agent into what is left. This would essentially leave the dealer with a half-kilo of uncut drug for himself and a complete kilo with half as much drug as for him to sell.

Drug markets have changed considerably since the 1980s; greater competition, and a shift from highly structured (and thus controlled) to greatly fragmented markets has generated competition among dealers in terms of purity. Many drugs that reach the street are now only cut at the manufacture/producer stage, and these are often with 'cuts' designed to appeal to the consumer as opposed to simple diluents.

Although cutting is much rarer than it used to be in some places, street drugs are still commonly cut with substances such as mannitol, inositol, and lactose. Sometimes a drug is cut with another, less expensive drug. An example would be cutting cocaine with methamphetamine in a geographical area where methamphetamine is less expensive. There have been occasional reports of marijuana being adulterated with PCP (phencyclidine), and sold as "super-weed" but again there is more myth in the area of cutting than there is reliable information based on scientific forensic analysis.

Most "hard" street drugs are adulterated to some degree or another. The cutting agent used depends upon the properties of the drug to be "cut". Other drugs, such as LSD, peyote, and hallucinogenic mushrooms are rarely (if at all) adulterated. The same is true for marijuana in many parts of the world, although this has been disproven by recent events in a number of European countries. (March 2007)

In Europe, there is currently an epidemic of marijuana cut with Taiwanese roadmarking materials, and ground-up glass, silica and sugar. In some areas of France and the United Kingdom, it is difficult to get marijuana that has not been cut with these substances. (March 2007) The health effects of smoking these substances is not yet known, but the French government's health ministry has issued an official warning and has a telephone hotline for people who do use this marijuana, recommending them to see their doctor and have their throat and lungs checked. In at least two proven cases, people using this adulterated marijuana have been hospitalized with serious respiratory disease symptoms such as coughing up blood.

Quote from the UK Department of Health "The Department of Health has recently received information suggesting that batches of herbal and 'skunk-type' cannabis have been contaminated with microscopic glass-like beads (or possibly ground glass). Laboratory testing has since confirmed a number of cases from a number of different parts of the country, in which cannabis appears to contain microscopic particles of glass. We have no information on other types of cannabis such as resin." (March 2007, see link below)

Hashish in Europe is usually cut with a number of substances, some of which are potentially harmful to health, such as turpentine. Neil Montgomery of the university of Edinburgh has published a report naming these substances.

Some street drugs can be as low as 10-15% of the active drug, with the other (85-90%) not necessarily being the "cut". In fact a heroin sample of only 20% purity may have no cutting agents in it at all. The other 80% may be impurities produced in the manufacture process and the substances by products of this process and/or degradation of the drug if improperly stored. Drug users who are accustomed to using adulterated drugs have died (via overdose) after injecting a less adulterated "batch" of the same drug, and thereby using much more of the drug than expected. Many overdoses of regular drug users reflect binge use and/or (usually the case) co-drug use especially with alcohol. Another common overdose cause relates to newly released from prison drug users that have lost their tolerance and overdose when resuming. Reports of deaths from high purity heroin often occur with one individual in a group where none of the others die. This suggests that factors mentioned above (co-drug use/reduced tolerance etc) are primary factors.

When choosing a cutting agent, the illegal drug manufacturer or dealer would ideally attempt to find a chemical that is inexpensive, easy to obtain, relatively non-toxic, and mimics the physical attributes of the drug to be adulterated. For example, if a drug is soluble in water, the preferred adulterant would also be water-soluble. Similar melting and boiling points are also important if the drug is to be smoked. In other cases, the illegal drug manufacturer might choose harmful cutting agents, an example of which would be the powdery substances now found on much of the marijuana sold in Europe (March 2007).

[edit] See also

[edit] Further information

  • Coomber, R. (1997a) Vim in the Veins - Fantasy or Fact: The Adulteration of Illicit Drugs, Addiction Research, Vol 5, No. 3. pp. 195-212
  • Coomber, R. (1997b) The Adulteration of Drugs: What Dealers Do, What Dealers Think, Addiction Research, Vol 5, No. 4. pp. 297-306
  • Coomber, R. (1997c) ‘Adulteration of Drugs: The Discovery of a Myth', Contemporary Drug Problems, Vol 24, No. 2. pp. 239-271
  • Preble, E. and Casey, J.J. (1969) `Taking Care of Business - The Heroin User's Life on the Street', in, International Journal of the Addictions, 4, pp. 1-24.