Talk:Customer service

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Contents

[edit] Revision Tracker

Please sign off on your comments in this section (shortcut : 4 tildes)

  • Added the Reference section CSReader 05:56, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Wrote a new Introduction, which includes a definition of customer service, followed by a brief history; moved previous introduction to an Overview section. I will edit that and subsequent sections as time permits CSReader 07:07, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Removed commercial External Links CSReader 07:23, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Combined old sections "Gains of good customer service" and "Consequences of poor customer service" into one table/section (Impact of customer service). Still needs a lot of work. CSReader 17:16, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Combined old sections "Factors which contribute to good customer service" and "Factors which contribute to poor customer service (what not to do)" into one table/section (Tips & Traps). Still needs a lot of work. CSReader 17:21, 12 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Reduced "Impact of customer service" to a single-column table ("Effects of bad service" column was just the opposite of the first column); renamed to "Benefits of customer service"; deleted redundant entries, added some, reorganized. CSReader 00:26, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Replaced previous "Overview" with "Strategic advantage through customer service" CSReader 03:27, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Replaced "Tips & Traps" with "What customers want". Edited, deleted, and added entries. Organized into 4 categories. Needs more work. CSReader 05:02, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Moved "Greeting Customers" to Discussion page for now (see below). CSReader 05:36, 13 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Wrote the "Customer service culture" section, and introduced its subsections for future development CSReader 13:27, 14 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Wrote text for "What customers want" section. CSReader 20:35, 18 March 2006 (UTC)
  • Reviewed source material for "What customers want" and added some factors CSReader 21:53, 19 March 2006 (UTC)
  • I've gone and wikified throughout the article, and removed the wikify tag. If it's not enough, please feel free to add the tag back to the article. Robovski 00:21, 24 May 2006 (UTC)
Looks good Thanks! CSReader 22:49, 26 May 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Guidelines & Help

[edit] Proposed Outline

This article needs an outline. Here's something that might serve as a starting point. It's based on Yale University's Customer Service Institute curriculum. I'll leave this up here for a few days. If there are no objections, I'll start editing and developing the article along this outline. CSReader 00:33, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Lining up sources today, linked to outline headings. For now, these link to excerpts of sources cited in my blog. The final article will link to primary sources. CSReader 03:54, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

So I don't butcher the work of those who'd already contributed to this entry, I've decided to draft the entry in my blog first. You can watch it develop here CSReader 05:44, 5 January 2006 (UTC)

That's not working out so well. So I'm trying to build the content www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/ here instead. CSReader 13:37, 20 January 2006 (UTC)

CSReader 13:10, 9 February 2006 (UTC) My blog is good for taking notes on my readings, but not for organizing them. My www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/ lens in Squidoo is a much better tool for that. In the outline below, I've marked with an L those topics and readings that I've been able to put in a more logical order.

I'm revising the outline as I go along. For example, I created a section called "Customer service culture", and subsumed ideology, hiring, and training as subsections there. But I'm keping the outline below in place, as it's a handy organizer of source material CSReader 14:53, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

  • Introduction
    • Definition
    • History
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1298144 Impact of customer service L
  • Focus on the Customer
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1286445 What customers want L
    • Service maps, value chains, moments of truth
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1296536 Complaints & recovery L
    • Dysfunctional customers
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1296963 Customer surveys L
  • Standards & competencies
  • Policies, Systems, Processes, and Structures
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1305456 Ideology L
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1288002 Hiring L
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1305915 Training L
    • www.squidoo.com/CustomerServiceReader/#module1297243 Recognition L
    • customerservicereader.typepad.com/customer_service_reader/leadership/index.html Leadership]
    • Processes that affect customer service
  • References (Books and Papers)
  • External links (non-commercial only), description

[edit] Definition

Oxford English Dictionary 2e definitions of Customer and Service CSReader 06:09, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

customer, n 3. a. ‘One who frequents any place of sale for the sake of purchasing’ (J.); one who customarily purchases from a particular tradesman; a buyer, purchaser. (The chief current sense.) c1480 in Eng. Gilds (1870) 317 To wt-draw from yor M., ne from no brother of {th}e craft, any of ther costomers.

service, n 31. a. Provision (of labour, material appliances, etc.) for the carrying out of some work for which there is a constant public demand. 1853 PAPWORTH Museums, etc. 15 Regulations as to admission into public museums..the porter not to allow the entrance of any person out of the hours of public service. b. Expert advice or assistance given by manufacturers and dealers to secure satisfactory results from goods made or supplied by them. 1919 W. H. BERRY New Motoring xxiv. 183 The need of a better service system for motorists has often been emphasised... There is ample room for a big development of a scheme for rendering practical car service.

customer service n. - assistance and other resources that a company provides to the people who buy or use its products or services. Webster's New Millennium™ Dictionary of English CSReader 01:26, 29 December 2005 (UTC)

Customer service is the set of activities and programs undertaken by retailers to make the shopping experience more rewarding for their customers. These activities increase the value customers receive from the merchandise and services they purchase. (Levy & Weitz 2004) CSReader 05:17, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

EB definition from Logistics - Customer service involves an array of activities to keep existing customers satisfied. An example is computer software manufacturers who allow consumers to telephone them to discuss problems they are encountering with the software. Servicing equipment in the field and training new users are other examples of customer service. The term user-friendly is sometimes applied; the firm wants to develop a reputation as being easy to do business with. Firms continually monitor the levels of customer service they—and their competitors—offer. They might use machines to record how many times customer-service telephones ring before being answered or what percentage of requested repair parts they can deliver within a certain time span. 24.6.165.211 04:59, 30 December 2005 (UTC)

Customer service is the provision of labor and other resources, for the purpose of increasing the value that buyers receive from their purchases and from the processes leading up to the purchase. CSReader 07:17, 12 March 2006 (UTC), based on definitions above

[edit] References

Slow going building this reference section CSReader 06:02, 6 January 2006 (UTC)

Finally got around to listing some of my principal sources, using Wiki Bibliography. Am posting the Reference section to the article now CSReader 02:47, 12 March 2006 (UTC)

Added to the Reference section of the article, and deleted the references from this Discussion page CSReader 14:48, 14 March 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Cleanup

Removing this plug, and related remarks:

Virgilio Y Paralisan in his ebook "The Six Dimensions of Customer Service" and his blogsite http://customerservicetools.blogspot.com said that "Customer Service is a concept that is usually presented as a collection or patches of complementing activities done by an individual or a group of individuals.

It is seldom presented as a process or a system that an organization manages to seamlessly and effectively deliver solutions (product or service) to customers.

The conventional approach is to teach people to respond to customers using the telephone or handle a live person-to-person interaction specially when there is a dissatisfied or complaining customers.

All the things that you will do to build your customer service program will most likely be within the realm of the following dimensions: The Customer, The Service Concept, The Service Process, The Tools, The Business Plan and The Team."

Also removed this: "Certain entire classes of organizations are well known for generally bad customer service, such as DMVs." That may be true, but it's a whine that does not belong here.

- Ed 12.28.05

[edit] Brain Colors?

While I was interested in the Psychology section, I don't think the section on "brain colors" is a highly recognized theory, or if it is, it isn't explained very well and doesn't link to another section that explains what the colors mean. Instead, it sounds more like someone is trying to push an idea to ultimately push a product. --Pordaria (talk) 23:42, 26 February 2008 (UTC)

[edit] It still feels baggy

It still feels baggy with sections that might be redundent. Someone more familiar with the subject matter might be more confident making cuts. --Tomheaton 21:35, 14 Sep 2004 (UTC)

Removed this paragraph: "Most of the customer service programs are actually damage control or image protection ploys. I am also a customer for many services and most of these customer service programs are really just cheap scams or are downright shameful tactics to evade doing additional after-sales commitments."

Opinion with no source. The concept of deceptive customer service may be owrthy of mention, but in a more formal way.

[edit] Greeting customers

(CSReader 14:31, 15 March 2006 (UTC) Moved this section from the article, until I figure out a good way to put it back.)

Greeting customers is an important part of customer service and customer care which can leave a lasting impression on customers.

The following table shows positive and negative forms of greeting and dealing with customers:

Positive Strokes Negative Strokes
Physical Firm handshake
Touching hands, arm shoulder
Hug
 Soft handshake
Pushing customer away
Snatching
Mishandling property
Being too familiar
Verbal Pleasant and courteous greeting
Using name
Compliments
Thanking, or praising customers
Laughing with customers		 Unpleasant greeting
Errors in name
Shouting at customers
Sarcasm or obscenities
Failure to say thanks
Patronising attitude
Non-verbal Appropriate body language (eg nodding, frowning in empathy)
Smiling
Waving
Expressing courtesy
Following expected customs
Focused attention		 Inappropriate body language
Frowning or ignoring customer
Not making eye contact
Fiddling with things or fidgeting nervously

Please note that cultural differences may play a major role in the interpretation of things such as touching hands, arms, and shoulders and giving hugs.

zh:顾客服务

[edit] Editorial remarks by 136.159.142.24 moved from article

Customer service, at its utmost, is primarily concerned with the homogenization and elimination of humanity from within those who make up the industry, reducing the traits, eccentricities, and quirks of its followers into a bland, automated system of responses. This consequently reduces opportunities for the most basic of equal human interaction, subsequently transforming the customer-employee relationship into that of master-slave. This reduction of humanity into a process of automation encourages the growth of the companies which practice excellent 'customer service', ensuring the elimination of dissent, and the subsequent ability to conduct an operation of global economic domination. Ultimately, as Arendt writes,the struggle for total domination of the total population of the earth, the elimination of every competing nontotalitarian reality, is inerent in the regimes themselves; if they do not pursue global rule as their ultimate goal, they are only too likely to lose whatever power they have already seized.

Interesting, but not a neutral point of view (and thus contrary to "Pillar 2") CSReader 04:00, 13 April 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Possible Additional Material

Below is the additional material I was thinking of adding. Please use it at your discretion:

[edit] Customer Service Levels [[1]]

Perhaps the most important aspect of customer or client service, in terms of delivery of a product or service, is that it should be available when and where the customer wants it. If this is not the case, an immediate sale may well be lost. More importantly, long-term sales may also have been lost if the customer is forced to change to another brand, and then decides to stay with that brand.

The percentage availability is described as the 'service level'. It might seem that the simple answer would be to achieve 100 per cent availability; but the cost of achieving this rises very steeply as the service level approaches 100 per cent. There is a very clear trade-off here between customer service (level) and cost. Fortunately the indications are that, in terms of demand generated customers are not significantly affected by minor variations if there are generally high levels of availability. The usual `S' shaped curve probably applies.

[edit] Lead time

However, there are other elements of customer service level, one of which relates to the time it takes to meet an order (where the product is not delivered `ex-stock'). This is called the `lead time' (or sometimes the `order cycle time'). Clearly, the shorter the lead time, the better the service.

On the other hand, it is frequently the case that it is the 'reliability' of the lead time that is more important. A customer who has to arrange a number of other activities to mesh in with the delivery of the product will often prefer that the delivery date is certain - even if it is later than it might have been - rather than face uncertainty. Another important element is the response time: how long it takes a customer to find out what is actually happening to the order.

In the specific context of queues associated with provision of a service, David Maister lists a number of `proportions':

  1. Unoccupied time feels longer than occupied time ...
  2. Preprocess waits feel longer than in-process waits ...
  3. Anxiety makes waits seem longer ...
  4. Uncertain waits are longer than known, finite waits ...
  5. Unexplained waits are longer than explained waits ...
  6. Unfair waits are longer than equitable waits ...
  7. The more valuable the service the longer the customer will wait ...
  8. Solo waits feel longer than group waits ...

[edit] Faults

The other measure, perhaps most immediately obvious to the customer, is the fault rate. This may be divided into two categories:

  • Errors - involving the wrong `product', quantity or price, or delivery to the wrong address, should not happen; but they do --and far more frequently than you might expect.
  • Faulty or damaged goods - are usually what `quality' is seen to be about; and customers, understandably, expect 100 per cent performance in this area (but rarely get it, except in the standardized mass consumer markets).

In many markets, this means that in order to avoid delivery of out-of-date products, or goods beyond their expiry date, the distribution chain has to operate a rigorous FIFO (First In First Out) control system; whereas LIFO (Last In First Out) is more normal and natural - the latest addition to stock being loaded at the front of the shelf, pushing the older stock to the back.

[edit] Customer Service Quality [[2]]

The elements described so far largely relate to the narrow perspective of 'service levels' in the consumer goods market. 'In the other sectors, particularly that of industrial goods, `customer service' may be even more important; and certainly more complex'. For example, it is often stated (not least by the company itself) that IBM's success – at its peak in the 1980s - as a marketing company as almost entirely due to its commitment to `customer service'.

In the service sector (particularly in the area of personal services), customer service is often, by definition, the `product' itself. The `quality' of the customer service represents the quality of the `product' the customer is buying. Indeed, in many service sectors the customer has to buy the service `on trust'; since it cannot be inspected before use. Monitoring such customer service, and maintaining standards, may be particularly difficult for some service providers; especially where there is a high content of personal service (for example, in hotels and catering in the private sector, and in hospitals in the public sector).

[edit] Laws of Service [[3]]

David Maister formulated two `Laws of Service'. The first of these is expressed by the formula:

“Satisfaction equals perception minus expectation. If you 'expect' a certain level of service and 'perceive' the service received to be higher, you will be a satisfied customer. If you perceive this same level where you had expected a higher one, you will be disappointed and therefore a dissatisfied customer. The point is that both what is perceived and what is expected are psychological phenomena - not reality [and it is the relative level of service, related to expectations, which is important, not the absolute one]...”

“Second Law of Service: It is hard to play `catch-up ball'. There is also a halo effect created by early stages of any service encounter ... the largest payoff may well occur in the earliest stages of the service encounter [a problem early in the provision of the service sours the whole process].”

[edit] Customer complaints [[4]]

Complaints are often treated as a nuisance by organizations, and yet they have considerable value for a number of reasons:

  1. Although there will always be a small proportion of `frivolous complaints', a complaint usually highlights something which has gone wrong with a part of the overall marketing operation; usually, a sufficiently high quality has not been achieved.

Whatever the reason, the sensible marketer will want to know exactly what has gone wrong, so that remedial action may be taken.

  1. The way in which a complaint is handled is often seen by customers, and their many contacts, as an acid-test of the true quality of support. What is more, it is also a powerful reminder to the organization's own staff of just how important quality is.
  2. Not least, customers who complain are usually loyal customers (those who are not loyal simply tend to switch to another supplier), and will continue to be loyal and valuable customers - as long as their complaint is handled well.

The first rule is that 'complaints should be positively encouraged'. Theodore Levitt stated:

“One of the surest signs of a bad or declining relationship [with a customer] is the absence of complaints from the customer. Nobody is ever that satisfied, especially over an extended period of time. The customer is not being candid or not being contacted.”

That is not the same as saying that the reasons for complaints should be encouraged. But, assuming that despite your best efforts the problems have occurred, you should put nothing in the way of any customer who wants to complain; and, indeed, positively encourage such complaints --since the main problem lies with the many more customers who do not complain (and instead change to another supplier) rather than the few who abuse the complaints system.

The second rule is that 'all complaints should be carefully handled by painstakingly controlled, and monitored, procedures'. Complaints must be handled well, and must be seen to be handled well; by the complainant, and by the organization's own staff.

The third, and most important rule, is that 'the complaint should then be fully investigated, and the cause remedied'. Complaints are only symptoms. The disease needs to be cured! There may be an understandable temptation to overlook complaints until they reach a `significant level', but holding off until the complaints reach this `pain threshold' usually means that they have already become damaging to the organization's image. It is far better to assume that `one complaint is too many':

The reality in most organizations is very different. The number of complaints are minimized not by remedying the reasons for them but by evading the complainants. The erroneous assumption is usually made that complainants are troublemakers, and have to be handled in a confrontational manner.

[edit] Customer satisfaction [[5]]

Most dissatisfied customers do not complain (up to 97 per cent, according to a US survey), but they do tell their friends (the same survey showed that 13 per cent complained to more than 20 other people).

On the other hand, as Philip Kotler pointed out, a satisfied customer:

  1. Buys again
  2. Talks favourably to others about the company [although, as reported in the survey quoted above, only to three others - compared with an average of eleven others when complaining]
  3. Pays less attention to competing brands and advertising
  4. Buys other products that the company adds to its line

Any organization should be highly motivated to make certain that its customers are satisfied; however, in practice, remarkably few do so. It is essential, therefore, that an organization first monitors the satisfaction level of its customers. This may be done at the `global' level, by market research. Preferably, though, satisfaction should be assessed at the level of individuals or groups. The results should be analysed to produce overall satisfaction indices, and also provided to field management so that they can rectify any individual problems.

It is possible that many retailers may not be able to use such information at the individual level, although some service providers may want to keep track of the satisfaction of their regular customers. However, they may track satisfaction levels by branch, to detect unwelcome deteriorations before they do untold harm.

[edit] Satisfaction Surveys

There are a number of advantages to conducting satisfaction surveys (particularly where any individual problems highlighted can subsequently be dealt with):

  • like complaints, they indicate where problems lie
  • if they cover all customers, they allow the 96 per cent of non-complainants to communicate their feelings, and vent their anger
  • they positively show even the satisfied customers that their supplier is interested
  • they help to persuade the supplier's staff to take customer service more seriously

The importance of very high standards of customer service can be demonstrated by two examples. The marketing philosophy of McDonald's, the world's largest food service organization, was encapsulated in its motto `Q.S.C. & V.' (`Quality, Service, Cleanliness and Value'). The standards, enforced somewhat quixotically on its franchisees and managers at the `Hamburger University' in Elk Grove Village, Illinois, require that the customer receive a `good tasting' hamburger in no more than five minutes, from a friendly host or hostess; in a spotlessly clean restaurant. It is salutary to observe how few of their competitors manage even the simple task of keeping their premises clean. The second example, Disneyland, also insists on spotlessness, and on the customer being `the Guest'; whereas the terms used in the fairground trade (with which Disney competes, albeit at a very different level) usually see the customer as some form of victim - `pigeon', `mark', `punter' and so on - to be fleeced before the fair moves on.

[edit] REFERENCES

  • D. H. Maister, The psychology of waiting lines, 'Managing Services: Marketing, Operations and Human

Resources' (Prentice-Hall, 1988).

  • T. Levitt, After the sale is over, 'Harvard Business Review' (September-October 1983)
  • K. Albrecht and R. Zemke, 'Service America' (Dow-Jones Irwin, 1985)
  • P. Kotler, 'Marketing Management' (Prentice-Hall, 7th edn, 1991)

Futureobservatory

Thanks for the material, which apply to several undeveloped topics in the Proposed Outline. I'll work them into the article, unless you get to it first. CSReader 13:22, 9 May 2006 (UTC)


[edit] Why satisfied customers defect

Hi - great article that I just stumbled upon. One point that it got me thinking about is the Jones and Sasser (? - not checked it) work on why satisfied customers defect: you make the point that complaining has a beneficial effect, but it goes further than this, and satisfied customers who have had no negative experiences go to cmpetitors who messed up a bit but then remedied it. Cheers --BramleyBarn 10:30, 29 July 2006 (UTC)

[edit] Very POV

I think the whole article is quite POV in one sense because it seems to reflect one individual's point of view - there's even a use of "I" at one point. That, I guess, suggests someone who is new to WP doing the right thing and getting stuck in without being aware of policy. I haven't edited this myself purely because I think the whole article could do with an overhaul. I'm willing to do it myself, unless there's anyone with a more customer service-oriented background who could write it in reasonable Wiki style? Bedesboy 15:15, 23 August 2006 (UTC)

[edit] References revisited

Anyone else have a problem with the body of the article being (currently) 16 sentences, while there are 34 references? While there are many top-quality references listed, I'm wondering how many are actually being used as sources. --Ronz 05:00, 27 January 2007 (UTC)

I propose separating any references that appear to actually be sources from the rest, then move the non-sources to a list of books on Customer service. --Ronz 03:52, 24 February 2007 (UTC)
Was just going to mention this. The references are the largest part of this article, and not one is actually citing the context. Needs a serious trimming.--Hu12 04:38, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

Moved from article:

  • Berry, Leonard L. (1999). Discovering the Soul of Service. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-84511-3. 
  • Berry, Leonard L. (1995 hh). On Great Service. The Free Press. ISBN 0-02-918555-6. 
  • Berry, Leonard L.. "The Old Pillars of New Retailing", Harvard Business Review, 2001. 
  • Blanchard, Ken; Ballard, Jim; Finch, Fred. Customer Mania!. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-7028-2. 
  • Cukjarbone, Lewis (2004). Clued In. Financial Times Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-13-101550-8. 
  • Carlzon, Jadn (1987). Moments of Truth. Ballinger Publishing Co.. ISBN 0-06-091gvb580-3. 
  • Clark, Hannah. Customer Service Goes to Hell.
  • Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations Emotional Competence Framework. Retrieved March 14, 2006.
  • Software and technology tools in providing improved customer service. Retrieved December 05, 2006.
  • Collins, Jim; Porras, Jerry (2002). Built to Last. Harper Business Essentials. ISBN 0-06-051640-2. 
  • Dartnell Corporation; Dee, David (1997). Dazzle Me!. Dartnell Corp. ISBN 0-85013-274-6. 
  • Disney Institute (2003). Be Our Guest. Disney Editions. ISBN 0-7868-5394-8. 
  • Drucker, Peter F (2005). "Managing Oneself". Harvard Business Review Jan: 13. 
  • Fleming, John H.. "Manage Your Human Sigma", Harvard Business Review, 1 July 2005. 
  • Goleman, Daniel (1997). Emotional Intelligence. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37506-7. 
  • Goleman, Daniel (2000). Working with Emotional Intelligence. Bantam. ISBN 0-553-37858-9. 
  • Harvard Business School Press (2003). Managing Change and Transition. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-57851-874-1. 
  • Kamin, Maxine (2002). Customer Service Training. ASTD. ISBN 1-56286-330-4. 
  • Levy, Michael; Weitz, Barton (2004). Retailing Management 5e. McGraw-Hill/Irwin. ISBN 0-07-249720-3. 
  • Lord, Robert G; Klimoski, Richard J; Kanfer, Ruth (eds) (2002). Emotions in the Workplace. Pfeiffer. ISBN 0-7879-5736-4. 
  • National Performance Review (1998). World-Class Courtesy. Retrieved March 12, 2006.
  • Peters, Thomas; Waterman, Robert (1982). In Search of Excellence. Warner Books. ISBN 0-446-38507-7. 
  • Porter, Michael E. (1980). Competitive Strategy. Free Press. ISBN 0-7432-6088-0. 
  • Porter, Michael E. (1985). Competitive Advantage. Free Press. ISBN 0-684-84146-0. 
  • Frederick F. Reichheld (2003). "The One Number You Need to Grow". Harvard Business Review December: 12. 
  • Reichheld, Fred (2006). Ultimate Question. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-59139-783-9. 
  • Reis, Dayr; Pena, Leticia; Lopes, Paulo A. (2003). "Customer satisfaction: The historical perspective". Management Decision 41: 195-198. 
  • Schmitt, Bernd (2003). Customer Experience Management. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-23774-4. 
  • Snow, Dennis; Yanovitch, Teri (2003). Unleashing Excellence. DC Press. ISBN 1-932021-06-X. 
  • Spector, Robert; McCarthy, Patrick D. (1996). The Nordstrom Way. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-16160-8. 
  • Spector, Robert; McCarthy, Patrick D. (2005). The Nordstrom Way to Customer Service Excellence. Wiley. ISBN 0-471-70286-2. 
  • Welch, Jack (2005). Winning. HarperCollins. ISBN 0-06-075394-3. 
  • Zaltman, Gerald (2003). How Customers Think. Harvard Business School Press. ISBN 1-57851-826-1. 
  • Zemke, Ron; Albrecht Karl (1985). Service America. Irwin Professional. ISBN 0-87094-659-5. 

--Hu12 04:40, 24 February 2007 (UTC)

"Software and technology tools..." is a spam link. It's one of many to bestpricecomputers.co.uk that is self-published by an anonymous author without any references of it's own, on an ad-heavy site. --Ronz 04:30, 7 March 2007 (UTC)

[edit] Customer Service

Customer Service is the giving of labor and other resources to satisfy a customer's needs. This often being includes friendly to the customers and making sure they get the right products and other things.