Cupeño
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The Cupeño (Kuupangaxwichem in the Cupeño language) are a Native American tribe that historically lived about 40 miles (65 km) inland and 50 miles (80 km) north of the modern day U.S.-Mexico border in the Peninsular Range of Southern California. Modern descendants now live in the mountainous area near the headwaters of the San Luis Rey River. They were among the smallest tribes in aboriginal California. In 1903 the Cupeño were evicted from Cupa and moved to Pala. Today, most Cupeño people live among the Luiseño on the Pala Reservation, while some also live on the Morongo and Los Coyotes Reservations. They were hunters and gatherers prior to European contact; great changes occurred after this.
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[edit] History
The historic village of Cupa, also called Warner Springs Ranch or Agua Caliente Village, is located east of Lake Henshaw on State Highway 79 near Warner Springs, California. The 200 acre (0.8 km²) Cupeño Indian village site is now abandoned, but evidence of its historical importance remains. The valley of Agua Caliente in which the village was situated lies at an altitude of 3,000 feet (1000 m), and is home for many kinds of wildlife, native shrubs, grass, and evergreen oaks. The Cupeño Indians were living at Cupa before the Spanish arrived in California in 1769. They continued to reside at Agua Caliente after the American occupation of California in 1847 to 1848. Once the Americans arrived, however, Antonio Garra, a Cupeño from Warners Ranch, attempted to organize a coalition of various Southern California Indian tribes to drive out all of the whites. The attempt failed, Garra was executed, and Cupa, the village at Warner Springs, was burned.
Although Cupa was on Indian land, Juan Jose Warner, a naturalized Mexican citizen, received the land in a grant from the Mexican government on November 28, 1844. Warner, like most other large landholders in California at the time, depended chiefly on Indian labor. The village of Cupa provided most of Warner's workforce. Some members of the tribe, during the time they worked for Warner, moved to the vicinity of the ranch house and built their own adobe huts. According to Julio Ortega, one of the oldest members of the Cupeño tribe, Warner set aside about 16 miles (26 km) of land surrounding the hot springs as the private domain of the Indians. Warner encouraged the Cupeños to construct a stone fence around their village and to keep their livestock separated from that of the ranch. Ortega felt that, had the village created its own boundaries, the Cupeños would still live there today.[1] In observing the Cupeños' living conditions in 1846, W. H. Emory, brevet major with the Corps of Engineers, described the Indians as being held in a state of serfdom by Warner, and as being ill-treated.[2]
After European contact and prior to the time of their eviction, the Cupeños sold milk, fodder, and some craftwares to Europeans. The women made lace and took in laundry which they washed in the hot springs. The men carved wood and manufactured saddle mats for horses. They also raised cattle and cultivated 200 acres (0.8 km²) of land. In 1849, Warner was arrested for consorting with the Mexican government and was taken to Los Angeles. In 1880, after numerous suits and countersuits, all titles to the main portion of Warner's Ranch became the property of John G. Downey. In the 1890s, the owners of Cupa began proceedings to evict the Indians. Legal proceedings continued until 1903, when the decision of Barker v. Harvey was handed down, causing final eviction of the Indians from Cupa. The United States Government offered to buy new land for the Cupeños, but the Indians refused. In 1903, Cecilio Blacktooth, Cupa Chief at Agua Caliente, said: "If you give us the best place in the world, it is not as good as this. This is our home. We cannot live anywhere else; we were born here, and our fathers are buried here."[3]
On September 4, 1903, the Cupa Indians were forced to move to Pala on the San Luis Rey River, 75 miles (121 km) away. Indians from the present-day reservations of Los Coyotes, San Ygnacio, Santa Isabel, and Mesa Grande are descendants of the Warner Springs Cupeños. Many Cupeño believe that their land at Cupa will be returned to them, and they are actively seeking legal relief to that end. The Cupa site serves as a rallying point for the land movement of current-day Indian people, and the spirit of Cupa Village lives in Indian people's contemporary efforts to regain cultural and religious areas.
[edit] Language
The Cupeño language belonged to the Cupan group (including Cahuilla and Luiseño) of the Takic branch within the Uto-Aztecan family of languages. The last native speakers of Cupeño died within the last twenty years, and the language is extinct.
[edit] Population
- Further information: Population of Native California
Estimates for the pre-contact populations of most native groups in California have varied substantially. Alfred L. Kroeber estimated the 1770 population of the Cupeño as 500.[4] Lowell John Bean and Charles R. Smith put the total between 500 and 750.[5] By 1910, the Cupeño population had dropped to 150, according to Kroeber. Later estimates have suggested that there were fewer than 150 Cupeños in 1973 but 200 in 2000.
[edit] Notes
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[edit] References
- ^ Morrison, 1962, p.21
- ^ May 1902, Out West, p.471
- ^ May, p.475
- ^ Kroeber, p.883
- ^ Bean and Smith, p.589
- Bean, Lowell John, and Charles R. Smith. 1978. "Cupeño". In California, edited by Robert F. Heizer, pp. 91-98. Handbook of North American Indians, William C. Sturtevant, general editor, vol. 8. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C.
- Kroeber, A. L. 1925. Handbook of the Indians of California. Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin No. 78. Washington, D.C.
