Cumberland School of Law

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Cumberland School of Law
Logo of Cumberland School of Law

Established: July 29, 1847
Type: Private
Dean: John L. Carroll
Faculty: 27 full time, 3 instructors, 43 adjunct
Students: 533
Location: Birmingham, Alabama, USA
Publications: The Cumberland Law Review, The American Journal of Trial Advocacy
Mascot: Rascal
Website: http://cumberland.samford.edu/
Cumberland Law School is unrelated to the University of the Cumberlands in Williamsburg, Kentucky.

Cumberland School of Law is an ABA accredited law school. It is 160 years old and has more than 11,000 graduates. It is among the fifteen oldest law schools in the United States. [1]

The school has the distinction of having trained: two United States Supreme Court Justices, placing it just behind Harvard, Yale and Columbia in that respect.[2][3] The school also has the distinction of having trained Nobel Peace Prize recipient Cordell Hull, the father of the United Nations, over forty U.S. Representatives, and numerous Senators, governors, and judges.[4]

Cumberland is well known for its emphasis on Trial Advocacy. In 2008, a Cumberland team won the American Association for Justice National Student Trial Advocacy Competition in Fort Lauderdale. 256 teams competed in in this competition, which is generally considered the most prestigious trial advocacy competition in the country. In 2007, student teams from Cumberland won both the Criminal Justice Trial Competition held in Hamden, Connecticut and the Lone Star Classic Mock Trial Competition in San Antonio, Texas.

The 2007 Princeton Review features Cumberland in its 2007 edition of "Best 170 Law Schools." Of the 11 ranking lists, Cumberland ranked 6th in the country for faculty performance and accessibility and 7th in the country for overall quality of life. The 2006 Princeton Review ranked the school 6th in its "Professors Rock (Legally Speaking)" category and 7th in its "Best Quality of Life" category.

The school offers two degree programs: the 90 hour Juris Doctor (J.D.), and the Master of Comparative Law (M.C.L.), which is designed to instruct foreign lawyers on the basic legal principles of the United States. The school also offers six dual-degree programs.

The Fall 2007 entering class consisted of 159 students selected from an applicant pool of over 1200. The class has an average LSAT of 157 and average GPA of 3.27. The top 75th percentile of the class has an LSAT of 159 and 3.52 GPA. The incoming class also has the distinction of having highest percentage of women (48%) in school's 160 year history history.

Cumberland has two publications: the Cumberland Law Review and the American Journal of Trial Advocacy.

The law library is a 42,500 net square foot building with over 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents.

The school also has four research centers. [5]

Cumberland's Center for Biotechnology, Law and Ethics [11] studies the ethical implications of biotechnology and has attracted speakers such as atmospheric scientist John Christy, medical ethicist Gregory Pence, and U.S. Representative Artur Davis. The Center's location is convenient because of the proximity of the pioneering UAB medical center. Birmingham is also one of the major emerging biotechnology markets with more than 90 biotech-related businesses in Alabama alone.[6]

The law school is currently located at Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama.

Contents

[edit] History

Cumberland University c.1858. Burned during the Civil War.
Cumberland University c.1858. Burned during the Civil War.

This summary is based on From Maverick to Mainstream,[7] which is a review of Cumberland's history and the development of the American legal education system. Legal scholar Kermit L. Hall stated that the work "is not just about the Cumberland School of Law, but about the significant changes that have reshaped the nature of legal education."[8]

Langum and Walthall summarize the history of Cumberland Law School as:

"From its very local, Tennessee origins in 1847, Cumberland...emerged as a premier law school with a national status. It excelled in faculty, teaching methodology, and numbers of students. Following the American Civil War, Cumberland rebuilt itself and ultimately succeeded on a grand scale with its single-year curriculum."[9]

[edit] Pre-Civil war

Cumberland School of Law was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University. Founder and first professor Judge Abraham Caruthers said, "I call it an adventure, I speak of it as an experiment." At the end of 1847, 15 law schools existed in the country. It is clear, however, that prior to its founding Cumberland facilitated the study of law, evidenced by graduates like George W. Harkins, a Choctaw chief who became a judge in 1834.

Prior to the official founding of these first law schools, the primary means for a legal education was apprenticeship. To give some perspective, establishing law schools was difficult in the early 1800s. Harvard only reestablished its law school in 1829 and Yale in 1826. By 1859 Cumberland, Harvard, and the Virginia School of Law were the top three largest law schools in the United States. By 1860 only 21 university law schools existed in the country and in no documented case did the curriculum last over two years.

It was during these Antebellum years that Cumberland enjoyed great success. Nathan Green, Jr., son of then professor Nathan Green, Sr., stated that Cumberland enjoyed "the highest degree of prosperity", with a beautiful 20 acre campus, picturesque trees and fences and fine architecture.[10] Cumberland's first graduate Paine Page Prim ultimately became chief justice of the Oregon Supreme Court.[11]

Nathan Green Jr. in 1861
Nathan Green Jr. in 1861

Students were taught through reading treatises, approximately two hours worth of recitations each morning, and a mandatory moot court program. Caruthers considered the law a science and the Socratic Method a necessity.[12] The cost was fifty dollars a session and a five dollar "contingent fee".[13] After the Civil War, this treatise method, the legal formalism of the school's approach and Nathan Green Jr.'s unwillingness to make changes, are all considered to be reasons for Cumberland's drift out of the mainstream.[14] But Cumberland appeared at a unique time in history and offered a unique educational option. The American Civil War, however, would totally destroy the school and the rebuilding effort would be a long, slow process.

[edit] Civil war

April 13, 1861 jolted Cumberland out of its "Golden Age" when President Abraham Lincoln called for volunteers to invade the southern states. The campus split within a week; some students joined the northern army; many joined the southern army. Nathan Green Jr.'s father, a law professor, went home, but Abraham Caruthers fled to Marietta, Georgia in fear of arrest where he died just over one year later.[15]

During the war professors John Carter and Nathan Green, Jr. fought as Confederate officers. Carter was killed but Green survived the war. The campus did not. The trees were cut down and fences destroyed and burned. The Confederate Army burned the University buildings, apparently because a Confederate Major was offended that black Union soldiers had used them as barracks.[16]


[edit] Reconstruction

The campus may have been totally destroyed but the law school began the slow process of rebuilding. In July 1866 Cumberland adopted the image of the phoenix, which is an Egyptian mythological bird that is reborn from its own ashes. The new motto was "E Cineribus Resurgo" or "I rise from the ashes."[17]

In September 1865 classes resumed with eleven students, which soon grew to twenty. The 1865 class included a Confederate General and Union colonel, enemies only a few months earlier. Nathan Green, Jr. kept the school together until a circuit judge named Henry Cooper, Andrew B. Martin and Robert L. Caruthers, brother of deceased founder Abraham Caruthers, joined the faculty. Robert Caruthers had previously served as the state attorney general and had been elected Governor of Tennessee during the war in 1863, but he was never innaugurated. Cooper did not serve on the faculty for long.[18]

Cumberland School of Law - Corona Hall - Law School from 1873-1878
Cumberland School of Law - Corona Hall - Law School from 1873-1878

In 1873 Robert Caruthers purchased the Corona Hall from the Corona Institute for Women for ten thousand dollars, which he immediately donated to the University for use by the law school.

The destruction of the campus and the devastation of war had impoverished the school and it was almost fifteen years before it saw students enter from outside the South when a student from Illinois and a member of the Choctaw Nation enrolled at Cumberland. But there were few students from outside of the defeated Southern states, which Langum and Walthall claim underscored "how terribly the Civil War blighted Cumberland."[19]

Robert Caruthers persisted despite the setbacks and in 1878 Caruthers Hall was dedicated in his honor. This new school replaced Corona Hall, which had unknown limitations. The new hall apparently had "excellent acoustics and hard seats" and is desciped as a:

"splendid structure, built after the latest architectural style, is nearly one hundred feet from base to spire, and contains two recitation rooms for the Law Department, two Society Halls, a Library, and a chapel whose seating capacity is about seven hundred.

[20]

Caruthers Hall, from the Phoenix in 1903.
Caruthers Hall, from the Phoenix in 1903.

[edit] National shift in legal education

Despite the seemingly heroic efforts to keep the school alive, Cumberland was falling into the minority at the turn of the century. It maintained a one year curriculum when other schools moved toward longer terms, and it entrenched with legal formalism, which had reached its peak in the 1870s and would soon be on the decline. In 1876, for instance, Harvard Law School began to encourage a three year curriculum.[21]

In 1903 Nathan Green, Jr. did become the first official dean of the law school. For the prior 57 years the school did not have this position, which was becoming more and more popular amongst the law schools.

But Cumberland progressed in other ways. It first admitted women in 1901[22] and during this time the library grew from six hundred volumes in 1869 to three thousand in 1878.[23] Today, the Lucille Stewart Beeson law library collection contains 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents.[24]

As great as this early progress was, historian Lewis L. Laska observed that:

Cumberland, which had once marked the high point of professional education, had become a captive of its own success. Unwilling to adopt modern techniques such as the case method, or to expand and deepen its curriculum by opting for the three-year standard, Cumberland became the symbol of the democratic bar.[25]

Through 1919, Cumberland did not adapt to the shift in legal education.[26]

In 1915 Cumberland refurbished its halls by an eight thousand dollar grant from the U.S. government as reparation for federal occupancy during the Civil War.[27]

When Cordell Hull, the Father of the United Nations, graduated from Cumberland, he commented on the diploma privilege, which granted the right to practice law without taking a bar exam, saying that:

according to custom, we members of the graduating class, the moment we received our diplomas, took them to the courthouse, where a district judge awaited us. He swore us in as members of the bar. I was not twenty years old.[28]

Cumberland did adapt to the changing times, but became unique again in 1961 when it sold from Cumberland University in Lebanon, Tennessee to Samford University in Birmingham, Alabama. It is only one of two (2) law schools in the United States to have been sold from one University to another (the other being the sale of the law school from the University of Puget Sound to Seattle University).

Today the law school is well known for its emphasis on Trial Advocacy and is building a biotechnology emphasis through its Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics.

[edit] Long range plan of 2005

In December of 2005 Cumberland adopted a long term plan for the school. One call of the plan is to gradually downsize the number of students who attend in order to provide smaller classes and closer individual attention to students. In 1995 the entering class was 212 and in 2007 that number was reduced to 159.

[edit] Institution

Judge John L. Carroll, dean of Cumberland, 2006 graduation ceremony.
Judge John L. Carroll, dean of Cumberland, 2006 graduation ceremony.

The law school emphasizes practical skills and integrity. The current dean, former federal judge John L. Carroll (class of '74) states that:

"The prevailing philosophy is simple: Practical skill outweighs raw knowledge, and application transcends erudition. If the goal were to produce great law students, the tenets might be exactly the opposite. Our goal is to produce exceptional lawyers. That’s why Cumberland’s curriculum emphasizes the core competencies of legal practice: research, writing and persuasion."

The law school itself is that it is not native to Alabama. In fact the law school was founded on July 29, 1847 in Lebanon, Tennessee at Cumberland University making the school approximately 160 years old. During the American Civil War the campus was totally destroyed and Confederate forces reportedly burned law school to the ground. In 1961, Samford University, formerly Howard College, purchased the law school from Cumberland University and today Cumberland remains one of only two law schools to have been sold from one University to another.

To put its founding in perspective, at the end of 1847 only 15 law schools existed in the United States, which makes Cumberland one of the oldest in the country.

As of 2006, the law school had 495 enrolled students.

Memory Leake Robinson Hall in 2006
Memory Leake Robinson Hall in 2006

One of Cumberland's more notable graduates, Cordell Hull, served under Franklin Delano Roosevelt as Secretary of State and won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1945. At one point in his life he stated that:

"if this historic institution (Cumberland) had been located in any other section of the country instead of having been an unpretentious school in an unpretentious locality, its wonderful work would be as widely known and recognized as that of any educational institution of like age in any part of America."[29]

After witnessing the Civil War, the Great Depression, two world wars, and the Civil Rights Movement, Cumberland stands on a long, proud history, but now looks "to regain the premier status it once held."

[edit] Life at Cumberland

Cumberland students generally attend school for three years. The first year classes are preselected: Civil Procedure, Contracts, Property, Torts, Criminal Law, and Evidence. Students are divided into one of three sections, where the students remain together in their respective classes for the entire first year. First year students are also enrolled in even smaller sections for Lawyering and Legal Reasoning, a class that focuses on honing the students' ability to think and write like a lawyer.

Cordell Hull Moot Court Room in 2006
Cordell Hull Moot Court Room in 2006

Second and third year courses give students more choices and allow some degree of specialization. Cumberland offers a balance of traditional courses, such as Criminal Procedure, Family Law, and Basic Federal Income Tax, and practical courses, such as Basic and Advanced Trial Skills, Business Drafting, Real Estate Transactions, and Law Office Practice and Management.

Students are taught using the Socratic Method, typical of law school pedagogy.

Students must also take Professional Responsibility and the MPRE, which is an exam that is required to practice in addition to the Bar exam.

Cumberland offers numerous extracurricular activities, in addition to the opportunities provided by Samford University. See below for a list of publications, research centers, and student organizations. The Student Bar Association sponsors Bar Review most Thursday nights, where Cumberland students frequent the many bars of Birmingham, Alabama.

Housing for law students is not available on campus, but students typically rent apartments or buy houses in the surrounding community.

Competition for grades and rank can be aggressive but rarely personal, and there is a surprising degree of camaraderie amongst the students, which many students consider to be atypical of the environment on most law school campuses.

[edit] The Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library

The library building is 42,500 net square feet with 13 conference rooms, 474 study spaces and large carrels equipped with electrical and data connections as well as three computer labs.

The collection consists of approximately 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents. Other formats for legal materials that the library offers include electronic resources and audiovisuals. There are seven full-time librarians, eight full-time support staff members, and four part-time support staff members.[30]

[edit] Bar passage and employment rates

  • First time takers from the Class of 2006 had a 93.3% passage rate on the July 2006 Alabama Bar exam.
  • First time takers from the Class of 2005 had a 94.1% passage rate on the July 2005 Alabama Bar exam.
  • 93.7% of the Class of 2004 is currently employed, with 68.9% in private practice, 5.91% in judicial clerkships, 4.1% in business and industry, 11.1% in government, 1.5% in public interest, .7% in academics, and 6.7% pursued advanced degrees.[31]

[edit] Admissions statistics

Bird's-Eye View of the Campus
Bird's-Eye View of the Campus

The Fall 2007 entering class consists of 159 students selected from an applicant pool of over 1200. The class has an average LSAT of 157 and average GPA of 3.27. The top 75th percentile of the class has an LSAT of 159 and 3.52 GPA.

The Fall 2006 entering class had an average LSAT score of 156 and average undergraduate GPA of 3.28. The top quarter of the entering class had an LSAT score of 159 or higher and a GPA of 3.59 or higher. Candidates are selected based on "LSAT, undergraduate GPA, discipline of study, graduate work, undergraduate grade trends, employment, undergraduate institution, personal statement, and letters of recommendation."[32]

[edit] Joint degree programs

Cumberland offers 6 joint degree programs:

[edit] Foreign programs

[edit] Organizations

[edit] Publications

  1. The Cumberland Law Review[34] whose members are selected by write-on from the top 15% of the freshman class and
  2. The American Journal of Trial Advocacy[35] whose members are selected by write-on from the top 33% of the freshman class

[edit] Research centers

1. The Center for Biotechnology, Law, and Ethics - The Center was created to focus on both the ethical and legal issues arising from the biotechnology industry in which Birmingham is a major player. Professor David Smolin directs the Center which is the only one of its kind at any law school in the country. The Center sponsors a major symposium every year which brings nationally known experts to the law school . The papers presented by these nationally known experts are then published in a symposium issue of the Cumberland Law Review. [The 2007 Symposium] is entitled “The United States Health-Care System: Access, Equity and Efficiency.” It [focused] on the very complex issues of the delivery of health care in the United States particularly to the poor, the problems which may exist and potential solutions to those problems. The symposium [brought] together experts from the University of Minnesota, the Saint Louis University School of Law and Texas A & M University and [included Cumberland's] own Professor Jack Nelson who is nationally recognized for his work in health care law and policy. The keynote address, [was also] the Thurgood Marshall Lecture...given by United States Congressman Artur Davis who has emerged as a leader on issues relating to the delivery of health care services.[36]

2. The Center for Law & Church

3. The Alabama Center for Law and Civic Education

[edit] Selected student organizations

Justice Tempered by Mercy - Statue located in the Courtyard of the Law School
Justice Tempered by Mercy - Statue located in the Courtyard of the Law School

[edit] Founders

[edit] Deans

Dean Tenure
1 Nathan Green, Jr. 1903
2 Andrew Martin
3 Edward E. Beard
4 William R. Chambers acting dean
5 Albert Williams acting dean 1933–1935
6 Albert B. Neil acting dean
7 Samuel Gilreath acting dean 1947–1948
8 Arthur A. Weeks 1947–1952
9 Donald E. Corley acting dean 1972–1973, dean 1974–1984
10 Brad Bishop acting dean 1984–1985
11 Parham H. Williams 1985–1996
12 Barry A. Currier 1996–2000
13 Michael D. Floyd acting dean 2000–01
14 John L. Carroll 2001–present

[edit] Notable facts

Classroom in Memory Leake Robinson Hall
Classroom in Memory Leake Robinson Hall
  • Cumberland has trained:
  • Cumberland is the first law school to have been sold from one university to another.
  • Cumberland is well known in the Southeast for its focus on Trial Advocacy.
  • The school is composed of two buildings: the main classroom building, Memory Leake Robinson Hall, and the Lucille Stewart Beeson Law Library, which is a 42,500 net square foot building with over 300,000 volumes and microform volume equivalents [48].
  • The school's motto is "Where good people become exceptional lawyers."
  • Also according to U.S. News & World Report, Cumberland, as of 2006, is tied with Gonzaga University with a 0.21 diversity rating based on a 7% African-American enrollment.
  • In 2006, the Princeton Review ranked the school 6th in its "Professors Rock (Legally Speaking)" category and 7th in its "Best Quality of Life" category.
  • Motto: E Cineribus Resurgo means "I rise from the ashes" in Latin and was the motto of Cumberland School of Law following the American Civil War when the campus was burned to the ground by Confederate troops.

[edit] Notable alumni

Cordell Hull - Nobel Peace Prize, U.S. Sec of State, Father of the U.N.
Cordell Hull - Nobel Peace Prize, U.S. Sec of State, Father of the U.N.
Howell Jackson - Supreme Court Justice
Howell Jackson - Supreme Court Justice
Horace Lurton - Supreme Court Justice
Horace Lurton - Supreme Court Justice
Tom Stewart - US Senator, Chief Prosecutor of the Scopes Trial
Tom Stewart - US Senator, Chief Prosecutor of the Scopes Trial
Robert H. Hatton (O) - US Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
Robert H. Hatton (O) - US Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
Judge James Edwin Horton presided over the retrial of the Scottsboro Boys and set aside the jury's conviction and sentence of death.
Judge James Edwin Horton presided over the retrial of the Scottsboro Boys and set aside the jury's conviction and sentence of death.
Carl Hatch (D) - U.S. Senator from New Mexico, author of the Hatch Acts of 1939 and 1940.
Carl Hatch (D) - U.S. Senator from New Mexico, author of the Hatch Acts of 1939 and 1940.

[edit] U.S. Representatives

  1. Robert Aderholt (R)- U.S. Representative from Alabama (1997- )
  2. Clifford Allen (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  3. Richard Merrill Atkinson (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  4. Maecenas Eason Benton (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri. Father of famed artist Thomas Hart Benton
  5. Joseph Edgar Brown (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  6. Foster V. Brown (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee, father of Joseph Edgar Brown
  7. Robert R. Butler (R) - U.S. Representative from Oregon
  8. Adam M. Byrd (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
  9. William Parker Caldwell (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee, Tennessee State Senator
  10. Samuel Caruthers (W) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
  11. Frank Chelf (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
  12. Judson C. Clements (D) - U.S. Representative from Georgia
  13. Wynne F. Clouse (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  14. William B. Craig (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama
  15. Jere Cooper (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  16. John Duncan, Sr. (R) - 12 term U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  17. Harold Earthman (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  18. Benjamin A. Enloe (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  19. Joe L. Evins (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  20. Lewis P. Featherstone (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
  21. Aaron L. Ford (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
  22. William Voris Gregory (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
  23. Edward Isaac Golladay (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  24. Isaac Goodnight (D) - U.S. Representative from Kentucky
  25. Oren Harris (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
  26. Robert H. Hatton (O) - U.S. Congressman, Confederate brigadier general, Opposition party member, killed during the Battle of Fair Oaks
  27. Goldsmith W. Hewitt (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama
  28. Wilson S. Hill (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
  29. George Huddleston (D) - U.S. Representative from Alabama and father of George Huddleston, Jr.
  30. Abraham Kazen (D) - U.S. Representative from Texas
  31. Wade H. Kitchens (D) - U.S. Representative from Arkansas
  32. John Ridley Mitchell - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  33. Tom J. Murray (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  34. Herron C. Pearson (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  35. Andrew Price (D) - U.S. Representative from Louisiana
  36. Haywood Yancey Riddle (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  37. James Edward Ruffin (D) - U.S. Representative from Missouri
  38. Thetus W. Sims (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  39. Thomas U. Sisson (D) - U.S. Representative from Mississippi
  40. John H. Smithwick (D) - U.S. Representative from Florida
  41. Charles Swindall (R) - U.S. Representative from Oklahoma
  42. John May Taylor (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  43. Anthony F. Tauriello (D) - U.S. Representative for New York
  44. J. Will Taylor (R) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  45. Zachary Taylor (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee
  46. Richard Warner (D) - U.S. Representative from Tennessee

[edit] Notable professors

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ Law school in the United States
  2. ^ List of Law Schools by United States Supreme Court Justices trained
  3. ^ List of Justices of the Supreme Court of the United States by education
  4. ^ Cumberland School of Law#Notable_alumni
  5. ^ [http://cumberland.samford.edu/cumberland_programs.asp?ID=807 Cumberland School of Law, Samford University programs
  6. ^ Birmingham Business Journal On-line.
  7. ^ Review of From Maverick to Mainstream.
  8. ^ DAVID J. LANGUM & HOWARD P. WALTHALL: From Maverick to Mainstream: Cumberland School of Law, 1847-1997, back cover (University of Georgia Press 1997). (Langum & Walthall)
  9. ^ Langum & Walthall, 253
  10. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.47
  11. ^ The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
  12. ^ The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
  13. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.57
  14. ^ Langum & Walthall, p59.
  15. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.47
  16. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.49-51
  17. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.50-51
  18. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.51-52
  19. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.56
  20. ^ Langum & Walthall, P.56-57
  21. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.59
  22. ^ The Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture http://tennesseeencyclopedia.net/imagegallery.php?EntryID=C177
  23. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.62
  24. ^ lawlib.samford.edu/director.html Library Information.
  25. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.97
  26. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.97
  27. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.98
  28. ^ Langum & Walthall, p.101
  29. ^ Langum & Walthal, p113, (quoting "Hull Calls for Consectration", Lebanon (Tenn.) Democrat, May 10, 1934, p.1).
  30. ^ lawlib.samford.edu/director.html Law Library.
  31. ^ Cumberland admissions website.
  32. ^ Cumberland admissions website.
  33. ^ Foreign Programs Website.
  34. ^ cumberland.samford.edu/cumberland_students.asp?ID=226.
  35. ^ www.samford.edu/schools/law/trialjournal/ Trial Journal.
  36. ^ Dean Carroll
  37. ^ Alabama Defense Lawyer's Association Alabama Defense Lawyers Association
  38. ^ The American Constitution Society for Law and Policy American Constitution Society for Law and Policy
  39. ^ Association of Trial Lawyers of America (ATLA) [1]
  40. ^ Black Law Students Association [2]
  41. ^ Christian Legal Society [3]
  42. ^ Cordell Hull Speakers Forum [4]
  43. ^ Federalist Society [5]
  44. ^ Henry Upson Sims Moot Court Board [6]
  45. ^ Phi Alpha Delta [7]
  46. ^ Trial Advocacy Board [8]
  47. ^ Women in the Law [9]
  48. ^ Cumberland Law Library [10]