Culper Ring

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The Culper Ring was a spy ring organized by Benjamin Tallmadge under the orders of General George Washington in the summer of 1778. The Ring's task was to infiltrate British-controlled New York City and report troop dispositions and intentions. The Ring conducted covert operations until the end of the American Revolutionary War, though its heyday was between 1778 and 1781.

After the battle of Monmouth in late June of 1778, British forces under General Sir Henry Clinton retreated to Sandy Hook, New Jersey. From there, they took ship for New York City, which they had already occupied for almost two years (since General Washington's defeat at the Battle of Fort Washington in September 1776). General Washington was well aware of the need for good intelligence and he asked one of his officers, Major Benjamin Tallmadge, to recruit people who could be trusted to collect it in New York City.

Tallmadge enlisted the services of Abraham Woodhull, a farmer from Setauket (a village on Long Island's north coast), Robert Townsend, a merchant in Manhattan who agreed to supply much of the information, and a Setauket tavern keeper named Austin Roe who served as the courier. (Jonas Hawkins also served in this role for a short time.) Once Townsend’s reports reached Setauket, whaleboatman Caleb Brewster and his men ferried it across Long Island Sound where Tallmadge’s dragoons were waiting to carry it to Washington’s headquarters. Brewster was in New York years earlier when the British had caught Nathan Hale with drawings of their fortifications and hanged him. Perhaps with Hale in mind, Washington made sure that the Culper Ring spies had more support. Through Tallmadge, he provided them with codes, invisible ink, dead drops, and aliases.

Woodhull was known in dispatches as Samuel Culper Sr. and Townsend was referred to as Samuel Culper Jr. Secrecy was so strict that Washington himself did not know the identity of all the operatives. Townsend's role was finally determined in 1939 by handwriting analysis and has since been confirmed by other evidence.

One of those who allegedly aided the Culper Ring was an operative known only as “355,” the group’s code for “lady.” Some historians believe that she was the only member of the ring arrested by the British and hanged as a spy. Others claim that she gave birth to Robert Townsend's child while she was a prisoner aboard the British hulk, The Jersey, but this story has been discredited. Robert Townsend did allegedly father a child by another woman after 355's death.

Nathan Hale and Tallmadge were close friends at Yale and Tallmadge's entry into the secret world was not accidental, nor did it begin with the Culper Ring in 1778. As early as 1777, Tallmadge acted as the operative John Clark's contact in Connecticut when Clark was based on Long Island. Before that, he worked for the spymaster Nathaniel Sackett, who was later fired.

[edit] The Culper Ring in popular culture

One of the main characters in the comic book Y: The Last Man, by Brian K. Vaughan, is an agent of a fictional modern day Culper Ring. In a direct reference to the historical Culper Ring, the agent is only known by her code name, 355. In the world of Y, the Culper ring has existed ever since the American Revolution as a secret spy ring under the direct command of the President. A group of rogue Culper agents, who split off from the group in 1977, are known as the Setauket Ring, after the town in New York where the historical Culper ring was originally formed.

In the BBC drama Spooks, Series 2 Episode 2, Tom Quinn takes on the identity of a student named John Culper at the University of West Midlands.

Culper Ring is the name of an experimental music project on Neurot Recordings which includes Steve Von Till, a guitarist and vocalist for the long-running Bay Area experimental metal band Neurosis.

The novel Shadow Patriots, by Lucia St. Clair Robson, tells the story of the Culpers and Spy 355.

[edit] References

Washington's Spies: The Story of America's First Spy Ring, by Alexander Rose (Bantam Dell, May 2006).

[edit] External links

v • d • e New York in the American Revolutionary War

Pre-war	Sons of Liberty

1770	Battle of Golden Hill

1775	Capture of Fort Ticonderoga – Invasion of Canada

1776	New York and New Jersey campaign – Battle of Long Island – New York Prison Ships Begin – Landing at Kip's Bay – Battle of Harlem Heights – Great Fire of New York – Execution of Nathan Hale – Battle of Valcour Island – Battle of Pell's Point – Battle of White Plains – Battle of Fort Washington

1777	Meigs Raid – Saratoga campaign – Battle of Ticonderoga – Battle of Hubbardton – Battle of Fort Ann – Battle of Oriskany – Battle of Saratoga – Battle of Freeman's Farm – Battle of Bemis Heights

1778	Setauket Spy Ring Launched – Battle of Cobleskill – West Point established – Cherry Valley massacre

1779	Battle of Stony Point – Sullivan Expedition – Battle of Newtown

1780	First Purple Heart – André Capture Reveals Traitor Benedict Arnold

1781	HMS Culloden Runs Aground at Montauk – Washington Calls Off Invasion of New York to Support Yorktown

1782	Washington's Headquarters at Newburgh – Newburgh letter – British Evacuate New York – Washington's Farewell to His Officers