Crossing symmetry

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Quantum field theory

Background
Gauge theory Field theory Poincaré symmetry Quantum mechanics Spontaneous symmetry breaking

Symmetries
Crossing symmetry Charge conjugation Parity Time reversal

Tools
Anomaly Effective field theory Expectation value Faddeev-Popov ghosts Feynman diagram LSZ reduction formula Partition function Quantization Renormalization Vacuum state Wick's theorem Wightman axioms

Equations
Dirac equation Klein–Gordon equation Proca equations Wheeler-deWitt equation

Standard model
Electroweak interaction Higgs mechanism Quantum chromodynamics Quantum electrodynamics Yang-Mills theory

Incomplete theories
Quantum gravity String theory Supersymmetry Theory of everything

Scientists

Adler • Bethe • Bogoliubov • Callan • Coleman • DeWitt • Dyson • Fermi • Feynman • Fierz • Fröhlich • Gell–Mann • Goldstone • Gross • 't Hooft • Jackiw • Klein • Landau • Lee • Lehman • Majorana • Nambu • Parisi • Polyakov • Salam • Schwinger • Skyrme • Stueckelberg • Symanzik • Tomonaga • Veltman • Weinberg • Weisskopf • Wilson • Witten • Yang • Yukawa • Zimmermann • Zinn–Justin

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In quantum field theory, a branch of theoretical physics, crossing symmetry is a symmetry that relates S-matrix elements. Interaction processes involving different kinds of particles can be obtained from each other by replacing incoming particles with outgoing antiparticles after taking the analytic continuation.

1 General overview
2 Example
3 Further reading
4 See also

[edit] General overview

Consider an amplitude $\mathcal{M}( \phi (p) + ... \ \rightarrow ...)$ . We concentrate our attention on one of the incoming particles with momentum p. The quantum field $φ(p)$ , corresponding to the particle is allowed to be either bosonic or fermionic. Crossing symmetry states that we can relate the amplitude of this process to the amplitude of a similar process with an outgoing antiparticle $\bar{\phi} (-p)$ replacing the incoming particle $φ(p)$ : $\mathcal{M}( \phi (p) + ... \rightarrow ...)=\mathcal{M}( ... \rightarrow ... + \bar{\phi} (p) )$ .

In bosonic case, the idea behind crossing symmetry can be understood intuitively using Feynman diagrams. Consider any process involving a an incoming particle with momentum p. For the particle to give a measurable contribution to the amplitude, it has to interact with a number of different particles with momenta $k 1, k 2,..., k n$ via a vertex. Conservation of momentum implies $\sum_{k=1}^{n} q_{k}=p$ . In case of an outgoing particle, conservation of momentum reads as $\sum_{k=1}^{n}q_{k}=-p$ . Thus, replacing an incoming boson with an outgoing antiboson with oppisite momentum yields the same S-matrix element.

In fermionic case, one can apply the same argument but now the relative phase convention for the external spinors must be taken into account.

[edit] Example

For example, the annihilation of an electron with a positron into two photons is related to an elastic scattering of an electron with a photon by crossing symmetry. This relation allows to calculate the scattering amplitude of one process from the amplitude for the other process if negative values of energy of some particles are substituted.