Criticism of Wikipedia

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Wikipedia, a free content encyclopedia project written by volunteers, has attracted criticism along with its size and popularity. Notable criticisms include that its open nature makes it unauthoritative and unreliable (see Reliability of Wikipedia), that it exhibits systemic bias, and that its group dynamics hinder its goals. Specific criticisms include the encyclopedia's exposure to obvious or subtle vandalism, attempts by strongly opinionated editors to dominate articles, inaccurate or sometimes non-existent sourcing for controversial assertions in articles, and edit wars and other types of nonconstructive conflict among editors.

Particularly noteworthy controversies about Wikipedia's content and editors have attracted wide and unfavorable media attention. Critics used the Seigenthaler and Essjay incidents to call Wikipedia's reliability and usefulness as a reference into question. Wikipedia has also been the subject of parody and other humorous criticism.

Contents

[edit] Criticism of the concept

[edit] The Wiki model

Wikipedia has been both praised and criticized for being open to editing by anyone. Larry Sanger, who played a key role in the founding of Wikipedia[1] but left the project in 2002,[2] criticized Wikipedia in late 2004 for having an "anti-elitist" philosophy of active contempt for expertise.[3] Some librarians, academics, and editors of other encyclopedias consider it to have little utility as a reference work.[4][5] Most university lecturers discourage students from citing any encyclopedia in academic work, preferring primary sources.[6] One university program and several schools have even banned Wikipedia citations specifically.[7]

Wikipedia's policies state that assertions should be supported by reliable, published sources—ideally, by peer reviewed publications.[8] Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of Wikipedia,[9] stresses that encyclopedias of any type are not usually appropriate as primary sources, and should not be relied upon as authoritative.[10] In a 2005 study, Emigh and Herring note that there are not yet many formal studies of Wikipedia or its model, and suggest that Wikipedia achieves its results by social means—self-norming, a core of active users watching for problems, and expectations of encyclopedic text drawn from the wider culture.[11] Oliver Kamm expressed skepticism toward Wikipedia's reliance on consensus in forming its content: "Wikipedia seeks not truth but consensus, and like an interminable political meeting the end result will be dominated by the loudest and most persistent voices."[12]

[edit] Usefulness as a reference

Wikipedia acknowledges that it should not be used as a primary source for serious research.[13] Librarian Philip Bradley acknowledged in an October 2004 interview with The Guardian that the concept behind the site was a "lovely idea," and he would use it in practice, and that he is "not aware of a single librarian who wouldn't. The main problem is the lack of authority. With printed publications, the publishers have to ensure that their data is reliable, as their livelihood depends on it. But with something like this, all that goes out the window."[14]

Robert McHenry, former editor-in-chief of Encyclopædia Britannica said in November 2004:

"The user who visits Wikipedia to learn about some subject, to confirm some matter of fact, is rather in the position of a visitor to a public restroom. It may be obviously dirty, so that he knows to exercise great care, or it may seem fairly clean, so that he may be lulled into a false sense of security. What he certainly does not know is who has used the facilities before him."[5]

CNET noted in a December 15, 2005 story: "Wikipedia is about as good a source of accurate information as Britannica, the venerable standard-bearer of facts about the world around us, according to a study published this week in the journal Nature."[15] The investigation, which was conducted and published (Dec. 2005) by Nature was criticized by Andrew Orlowski in an editorial for The Register which claimed,

"…Nature sent only misleading fragments of some Britannica articles to the reviewers, sent extracts of the children's version and Britannica's 'book of the year' to others, and in one case, simply stitched together bits from different articles and inserted its own material, passing it off as a single Britannica entry."[16]

Encyclopædia Britannica also denied the validity of the Nature study, claiming that it was "fatally flawed" as the Britannica extracts were compilations that sometimes included articles written for the youth version.[17] Nature acknowledged the compiled nature of some of the Britannica extracts, but disputed the claim that this invalidated the conclusions of the study.[18] Encyclopædia Britannica also argued that the Nature study showed that while the error rate between the two encyclopedias was similar, a breakdown of the errors indicated that the mistakes in Wikipedia were more often the inclusion of incorrect facts, while the mistakes in Britannica were "errors of omission".

[edit] Wall Street Journal debate

In the 2006-09-12 edition of the Wall Street Journal, Jimmy Wales debated with Dale Hoiberg, editor-in-chief of Encyclopedia Britannica.[19] Hoiberg focused on a need for expertise and control in an encyclopedia and cited Lewis Mumford that overwhelming information could “bring about a state of intellectual enervation and depletion hardly to be distinguished from massive ignorance.”

Wales emphasized Wikipedia's differences, and asserted that openness and transparency lead to quality. Hoiberg claimed that he “had neither the time nor space to respond to [criticisms]” and “could corral any number of links to articles alleging errors in Wikipedia,” to which Wales responded: “No problem! Wikipedia to the rescue with a fine article,” and included a link to the Wikipedia article Criticism of Wikipedia.

[edit] Suitability as an encyclopedia

Robert McHenry said that Wikipedia errs in billing itself as an encyclopedia, because that word implies a level of authority and accountability that they believe cannot be possessed by an openly editable reference. McHenry argues that

"to the ordinary user, the turmoil and uncertainty that may lurk beneath the surface of a Wikipedia article are invisible. He or she arrives at a Wikipedia article via Google, perhaps, and sees that it is part of what claims to be an "encyclopedia". This is a word that carries a powerful connotation of reliability. The typical user doesn't know how conventional encyclopedias achieve reliability, only that they do."[20]

Frequent Wikipedia critic Orlowski wrote on a December 2005 OpEd at The Register:

"If what we today know as 'Wikipedia' had started life as something called, let's say —'Jimbo's Big Bag O'Trivia'— we doubt if it would be the problem it has become. Wikipedia is indeed, as its supporters claim, a phenomenal source of pop culture trivia. Maybe a 'Big Bag O'Trivia' is all Jimbo ever wanted. Maybe not. "For sure a libel is a libel, but the outrage would have been far more muted if the Wikipedia project didn't make such grand claims for itself. The problem with this vanity exercise is one that it's largely created for itself. The public has a firm idea of what an 'encyclopedia' is, and it's a place where information can generally be trusted, or at least slightly more trusted than what a labyrinthine, mysterious bureaucracy can agree upon, and surely more trustworthy than a piece of spontaneous graffiti—and Wikipedia is a king-sized cocktail of the two."[21]

A number of academics – such as Sarah Deutch, dean of social sciences and professor of history at Duke University, and Margaret Humphries, professor of history and associate clinical professor of medicine at Duke – have criticized Wikipedia for its perceived failure as a reliable source.[4] Many Wikipedia editors do not have degrees or other credentials generally recognized in academia.[22] The use of Wikipedia is not accepted in many schools and universities in writing a formal paper. Several educational institutions have blocked Wikipedia in the past while others have limited its use to only a pointer to external sources.[4] University of Maryland professor of physics Robert L. Park has characterized Wikipedia as a target for "purveyors of pseudoscience."[23]

Wikipedia articles have been referenced in "enhanced perspectives" provided on-line in the journal Science. The first of these perspectives to provide a hyperlink to Wikipedia was "A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light,"[24] and dozens of enhanced perspectives have provided such links since then. The publisher of Science states that these enhanced perspectives "include hypernotes - which link directly to websites of other relevant information available online - beyond the standard bibliographic references."[25]

[edit] Anti-elitism as a weakness

Co-founder of Wikipedia, and former editor-in-chief of Nupedia, Larry Sanger,[26] stated in an opinion piece in Kuro5hin that "anti-elitism"—active contempt for expertise—was rampant among Wikipedia editors and supporters. He further stated that "far too much credence and respect [is] accorded to people who in other Internet contexts would be labelled 'trolls'."[27] The sort of sentiment Sanger describes is more commonly known as anti-intellectualism.

Jimmy Wales admits that wide variations in quality between different articles and topics is significant, but that he considers the average quality to be "pretty good" and getting better by the day.

Staff at the Encyclopædia Britannica say it does not feel threatened by Wikipedia. "The premise of Wikipedia is that continuous improvement will lead to perfection; that premise is completely unproven," the reference work's executive editor, Ted Pappas, told The Guardian.[28]

[edit] Systemic bias in coverage

Wikipedia has been accused of systemic bias, a tendency to cover topics in a detail disproportionate to their importance. As an example, Stephen Colbert once faux-praised Wikipedia for having a "longer entry on 'lightsabers' than it does on the 'printing press.'" In an interview with The Guardian, Dale Hoiberg, the editor-in-chief of Encyclopædia Britannica, noted:[14]

people write of things they're interested in, and so many subjects don't get covered; and news events get covered in great detail. In the past, the entry on Hurricane Frances was more than five times the length of that on Chinese art, and the entry on Coronation Street was twice as long as the article on Tony Blair.

This flaw has been the subject of a game known as "Wikigroaning", a term coined by Jon "DocEvil" Titanium[29] of the website Something Awful.[30] In the game, two articles (preferably with similar names) are compared: one about a serious subject and the other about a topic important only to a select group of fans.[31] Critics of Wikipedia concede that the encyclopedia's coverage of pop culture does not impose space constraints on the coverage of more "serious" subjects, as spelled out in the "Wiki is not paper" article. As Ivor Tossell noted:

That Wikipedia is chock full of useless arcana (and did you know, by the way, that the article on "Debate" is shorter than the piece that weighs the relative merits of the 1978 and 2003 versions of Battlestar Galactica?) isn't a knock against it: Since it can grow infinitely, the silly articles aren't depriving the serious ones of space.[32]

However, Wikipedia's own policies make the veracity of this claim dubious as even popular articles are often deleted on "notability" grounds[33]. Online comics are particularly susceptible to these deletions, and the authors of these articles have had difficulty obtaining clear guidelines on the notability policy [34]. Articles on so-called Internet memes or "Web culture" are also vulnerable[35]. Various theories have been proposed to explain this apparent contradiction with the lack of space constraints referenced above, including censorship to make the encyclopedia appear more "respectable" to media sources; or favoritism for particular comics, memes, et cetera and against others on the part of editors. Nicholson Baker writes:

Still, a lot of good work—verifiable, informative, brain-leapingly strange—is being cast out of this paperless, infinitely expandable accordion folder by people who have a narrow, almost grade-schoolish notion of what sort of curiosity an on-line encyclopedia will be able to satisfy in the years to come. Anybody can "pull the trigger" on an article (as Broughton phrases it)—you just insert a double-bracketed software template. It's harder to improve something that's already written, or to write something altogether new, especially now that so many of the World Book–sanctioned encyclopedic fruits are long plucked. There are some people on Wikipedia now who are just bullies, who take pleasure in wrecking and mocking peoples' work—even to the point of laughing at nonstandard "Engrish." They poke articles full of warnings and citation-needed notes and deletion prods till the topics go away.[36]

[edit] Neutral point of view

The concept of a neutral point of view (NPOV), which is regarded as a non-negotiable principle of Wikipedia,[37] has itself been criticized as an impossible ideal due to the inevitable biases of editors. In an interview with Jimmy Wales and Wikipedia critic Robert Cox, NPR commentator Mark Glaser stated:

"I keep hearing from my readers (many of whom I’m guessing are Wikipedians or ex-Wikipedians) that attaining NPOV is impossible, that everyone has bias and introduces it in some way...Can anyone write from an NPOV? Doesn’t everyone have inherent biases?"[38]

Other critics allege that NPOV is arguably in practice "mainstream point of view," with the effect that mainstream points of view are privileged and radical points of view disadvantaged.[39][40]

[edit] Difficulty of fact-checking

Wikipedia contains no formal peer review process for fact-checking, and due to the lack of requiring qualifications to edit any article, the contributors themselves may not be well-versed in the topics they write about. As the cultural commentator Paul Vallely put it, writing in The Independent on the subject of Wikipedia:

"Using it is like asking questions of a bloke you met in the pub. He might be a nuclear physicist. Or he might be a fruitcake."[41]

This is one of Wikipedia's most frequently encountered criticisms. Sometimes, the subject of a biographical article must fix blatant lies about his own life.[42] Television personality Stephen Colbert lampooned this drawback of Wikipedia, calling it wikiality. In a typical experiment, an editor inserted mistakes into five Wikipedia articles; they remained unnoticed for up to five days by which time the editor reverted the edits himself.[43] In another example, on March 2, 2007, MSNBC.com reported that Hillary Rodham Clinton had been incorrectly listed for 20 months in her Wikipedia biography as valedictorian of her class of 1969 at Wellesley College. (Hillary Rodham was not the valedictorian, though she did speak at commencement.)[44] The article included a link to the Wikipedia edit,[45] where the incorrect information was added on July 9, 2005. After the MSNBC report, the inaccurate information was removed the same day.[46] Between the two edits, the wrong information had stayed in the Clinton article while it was edited more than 4,800 times over 20 months.

In a sample of Wikipedia articles, John Willinsky reported a preference for online sources over print sources:

"Only four out of the 100 entries relied exclusively on print sources (and they were single–source entries), while print sources turned up in a dozen entries in total...Online sources were clearly favored among contributors, as the greater interconnectivity which the Internet represents, compared to print culture, also forms part of Wikipedia's quality as an instrument of knowledge and learning."[47]

[edit] Use of dubious sources

Wikipedia requests that contributors verify the accuracy of information by checking the references cited, which generally come from external sources. Despite guidelines deprecating the use of personal blogs and dubious sources,[48] Hiawatha Bray of the Boston Globe contends that some references used in Wikipedia articles have come from dubious sources, such as blog entries. Bray wrote in 2004:

"So of course Wikipedia is popular. Maybe too popular. For it lacks one vital feature of the traditional encyclopedia: accountability. Old-school reference books hire expert scholars to write their articles, and employ skilled editors to check and double-check their work. Wikipedia's articles are written by anyone who fancies himself an expert."[49]

Wikipedia content is often mirrored at sites such as Answers.com, which means that incorrect information can be replicated alongside correct information through a number of web sources. Such information can develop a misleading air of authority because of its presence at such sites.[50] A converse criticism of Wikipedia is that contributors sometimes rely too much on citing sources, particularly in disputed articles.[51]

[edit] Exposure to vandals

 This section may contain original research or unverified claims.
Please help Wikipedia by adding references. See the talk page for details.(May 2008)

In November 2005, Wikipedia received a great deal of bad publicity as a result of the Seigenthaler incident, in which a user edited a biographical article on John Seigenthaler Sr. so that it contained several false and defamatory statements. The inaccurate claims went unnoticed between May and September 2005 when they were discovered by Victor S. Johnson, Jr., a friend of Seigenthaler. Vandalism is recognized by Wikipedia as an ongoing problem facing its articles. Some users may have axes to grind on a particular subject, or may simply enjoy disrupting Wikipedia. There have also been instances of users deliberately inserting false information into Wikipedia in order to test the system and demonstrate its alleged unreliability.[52][citation needed]

Wikipedia acknowledges these issues, and the Wikipedia page "Researching with Wikipedia" states:

Wikipedia's radical openness means that any given article may be, at any given moment, in a bad state: for example, it could be in the middle of a large edit or it could have been recently vandalized. While blatant vandalism is usually easily spotted and rapidly corrected, Wikipedia is certainly more subject to subtle vandalism than a typical reference work.[13]

  • One more subtle form of vandalism that has occurred on Wikipedia is the removal of content through false claims of copyright violation. Contributors may post similar information on web forums or blogs, and then claim there has been a violation. This has been used in order to force a point of view by removing selected portions of an article through copyright violation claims.

Wikipedia has a range of tools available to users and administrators in order to combat vandalism. Supporters of the project argue that the vast majority of vandalism on Wikipedia is reverted within a short time, and a study by Fernanda Viégas of the MIT Media Lab and Martin Wattenberg and Kushal Dave of IBM Research found that most vandal edits were reverted within around five minutes.[53] While most instances of page blanking or the addition of offensive material are soon reverted, less obvious vandalism has remained for longer periods. For example, a user made several racist edits to Martin Luther King, Jr. Day that were not reverted for nearly four hours.[54] Columnist Sujay Kumar commented: "While Wikipedia says that most vandal edits are removed within five minutes, some falsities have managed to go unnoticed. An outlandishly fake entry about Larry King's uncontrollable flatulence was posted for a month."[55]

Attempts to perpetrate hoaxes may not be confined to editing Wikipedia articles. In October 2005 Alan Mcilwraith, a former call centre worker from Scotland created a Wikipedia article in which he claimed to be a highly decorated war hero. The article was quickly identified by other users as unreliable (see Wikipedia Signpost article 17 April 2006). However, Mcilwraith had also succeeded in convincing a number of charities and media organizations that he was who he claimed to be.[56]

While malicious edits to the text of the articles are relatively easy to revert, numbers and statistics edits are much more difficult to spot, and can go unnoticed for extended periods of time.

[edit] Exposure to political operatives and advocates

While Wikipedia policy requires articles to have a neutral point of view, it is not immune from attempts by outsiders (or insiders) with an agenda to place a spin on articles. In January 2006 it was revealed that several staffers of members of the U.S. House of Representatives had embarked on a campaign to cleanse their respective bosses' biographies on Wikipedia, as well as inserting negative remarks on political opponents. References to a campaign promise by Martin Meehan to surrender his seat in 2000 were deleted, and negative comments were inserted into the articles on U.S. Senator Bill Frist and Eric Cantor, a congressman from Virginia. Numerous other changes were made from an IP address which is assigned to the House of Representatives.[57] In an interview, Wikipedia de facto leader Jimmy Wales[9] remarked that the changes were "not cool."[58] The Telegraph reports that officials from the Israeli government have encouraged supporters to aid propaganda efforts by making biased edits to Wikipedia.[59]

Various individuals and groups that hold different political opinions may also start "edit wars" aimed at spinning the content of an article. For instance, soon after disgraced former Enron CEO Kenneth Lay died due to a heart attack, several editors to the encyclopedia added content to Lay's Wikipedia biography surmising that the death was in fact a suicide, well in advance of any official determination of cause of death. Such edits were reverted and re-inserted several times; eventually the article reported the cause of death as a heart attack. As of July 2007, there is no evidence to suggest that Lay's death was by other than natural causes. The edit history of the article was investigated by the press, and the Washington Post published a column on the subject.[60]

In August 2007, a tool called WikiScanner developed by Virgil Griffith, a visiting researcher from the Santa Fe Institute in New Mexico, was released to match anonymous IP edits in the encyclopedia with an extensive database of addresses. Griffith said he developed WikiScanner "to create minor public-relations disasters for companies and organizations I dislike (and) to see what 'interesting organizations' are up to." News stories appeared about IP addresses from various organizations such as the Central Intelligence Agency, the Democratic Congressional Campaign Committee, Diebold, Inc. and the Australian government being used to make edits to Wikipedia articles, sometimes of an opinionated or questionable nature. The BBC quoted a Wikipedia spokesperson as praising the tool: "We really value transparency and the scanner really takes this to another level. Wikipedia Scanner may prevent an organisation or individuals from editing articles that they're really not supposed to."[61] Another story stated that an IP address from the BBC itself had been used to vandalize the article on George W. Bush.[62] Jimmy Wales, who played a central role in the founding of Wikipedia, spoke enthusiastically about Wikipedia Scanner: "It's awesome -- I love it...It brings an additional level of transparency to what's going on at Wikipedia...Wikipedia Scanner uses information we've been making publicly available forever, hoping someone would do something like this."[63]

In February 2008, British technology news and opinion website The Register published an article called "Wikipedia ruled by 'Lord of the Universe'", in which it was pointed out that despite the fact that a prominent administrator of Wikipedia, Jossi Fresco, declared a conflict of interest related to Prem Rawat, the article alleged that not only did Fresco edit the article of Prem Rawat to keep criticism to bare minimum, he altered the Wikipedia policies over personal biography and policies regarding "conflict of interest", to favour his alleged "biased" editing. The article pointed out that Fresco was also involved in Wikipedia's "Conflict of Interest Noticeboard", the situation which the Register article described as "a conflict of conflict of interest". The article stated that Fresco bore "the most extreme conflict of interest in the history of Wikipedia - and he edits the policy that governs conflict of interest."[64]

In April 2008, the Boston-based Committee for Accuracy in Middle East Reporting in America (CAMERA) was accused of organizing a secret campaign to influence Israel-related articles in Wikipedia. Emails reportedly from CAMERA group members instructed interested editors in how to become Wikipedia administrators in order to better control article content. In response, several Wikipedia editors were blocked or given topic bans.[65]

[edit] Prediction of failure

Eric Goldman, assistant law professor at Santa Clara University in California, has blogged about his bet with attorney Mike Godwin that Wikipedia will have failed by December 2, 2010.[66] His argument is that "eventually, marketers will build scripts to edit Wikipedia pages to insert links and conduct automated attacks on Wikipedia", thus putting the encyclopedia beyond the ability of its editors to provide countermeasures against the attackers,[67] particularly because of a vicious circle where the strain of responding to these attacks drives core contributors away, increasing the strain on those who remain. In a followup post on December 5, 2006, Goldman stood by his prediction that Wikipedia would fail by 2010.[68]

[edit] Privacy concerns

Most privacy concerns refer to cases of government or employer data gathering; or to computer or electronic monitoring; or to trading data between organizations.[69]. "The Internet has created conflicts between personal privacy, commercial interests and the interests of society at large" warn James Donnelly and Jenifer Haeckl.[70] Balancing the rights of all concerned as technology alters the social landscape will not be easy. It "is not yet possible to anticipate the path of the common law or governmental regulation" regarding this problem.[70]

The concern in the case of Wikipedia is the right of a private citizen to remain private; to remain a "private citizen" rather than a "public figure" in the eyes of the law.[71] It is somewhat of a battle between the right to be anonymous in cyberspace and the right to be anonymous in real life ("meatspace"). Wikipedia Watch argues that "Wikipedia is a potential menace to anyone who values privacy" and that "a greater degree of accountability in the Wikipedia structure" would be "the very first step toward resolving the privacy problem."[72]

A particular problem occurs in the case of an individual who is relatively unimportant and for whom there exists a Wikipedia page against their wishes.

In January 2006, a German court ordered the German Wikipedia shut down within Germany due to it stating the full name of Boris Floricic, aka "Tron", a deceased hacker who was formerly with the Chaos Computer Club. More specifically, the court ordered that the URL within the German .de domain (http://www.wikipedia.de/) may no longer redirect to the encyclopedia's servers in Florida at http://de.wikipedia.org/, though since German readers were still able to use the US-based URL directly, there was not really any loss of access on their part. The court order arose out of a lawsuit filed by Floricic's parents, demanding that their son's surname be removed from Wikipedia.[73] On February 9, 2006, the injunction against Wikimedia Deutschland was overturned, with the court rejecting the notion that Tron's right to privacy or that of his parents were being violated.[74] The plaintiffs appealed to the Berlin state court, but were refused relief in May 2006.

[edit] Quality concerns

A study by Dartmouth researchers found that the quality of Wikipedia articles varies widely. Some articles are excellent by any reasonable measure—authored and edited by persons knowledgeable in the field, containing numerous useful and relevant references, and written in a proper encyclopedic style. However, there are many articles on Wikipedia that are amateurish, unauthoritative, and even incorrect, making it difficult for a reader unfamiliar with a given subject matter to know which information to rely upon. In addition, Wikipedia contains many stubs—very short articles that provide a brief mention of a subject, and little else. The Dartmouth study was criticized by John Timmer of the Ars Technica website for an inexact measure of quality of Wikipedia articles.[75]

Others have noted that in some areas, such as science, Wikipedia's quality is often excellent. A report by the science journal Nature claimed that "Wikipedia comes close to Britannica in terms of the accuracy of its science entries."[76] The article detailed a study wherein 42 articles in both encyclopedias were reviewed by experts on the subject matter. Based on the review, the average Wikipedia article contained 4 errors or omissions; the average Britannica article, 3. Encyclopædia Britannica's initial concerns led to Nature releasing further documentation of its survey method.[77] Encyclopædia Britannica, in its formal corporate response "Fatally Flawed",[17] responded:

"[t]hat conclusion was false, however, because Nature's research was invalid. As we demonstrate below, almost everything about the journal’s investigation, from the criteria for identifying inaccuracies to the discrepancy between the article text and its headline, was wrong and misleading."

Nature has since rejected the Britannica response[78] and published a point-by-point response to Britannica's specific objections about alleged errors.[79]

[edit] Threat to traditional publishers

Some observers claim that Wikipedia is undesirable, because it is an economic threat to publishers of traditional encyclopedias, many of whom may be unable to compete with a product which is essentially free. Nicholas Carr writes in the essay "The amorality of Web 2.0," speaking of the so-called Web 2.0 as a whole: "Implicit in the ecstatic visions of Web 2.0 is the hegemony of the amateur. I for one can't imagine anything more frightening."[80] Others dispute the notion that Wikipedia, or similar efforts, will entirely displace traditional publications. For instance, Chris Anderson, the editor-in-chief of Wired Magazine, wrote in Nature that the "wisdom of the crowds" approach of Wikipedia will not displace top scientific journals with their rigorous peer review process.[81] In fact, according to Wikipedia editing guidelines regarding the requirement of references to external primary sources, Wikipedia's existence is essentially dependent on these professional publications.

[edit] "Waffling" prose, "antiquarianism" and quality of writing

Roy Rosenzweig, in a June 2006 essay that combined both praise and criticism of Wikipedia, had several criticisms of its prose and its failure to distinguish the genuinely important from the merely sensational. While acknowledging that Wikipedia is "surprisingly accurate in reporting names, dates, and events in U.S. history" (Rosenzweig's own field of study) and that most of the few factual errors that he found "were small and inconsequential" and that "some errors simply repeat widely held but inaccurate beliefs," many of which are also reflected in Encarta and the Britannica; nonetheless

"Good historical writing requires not just factual accuracy but also a command of the scholarly literature, persuasive analysis and interpretations, and clear and engaging prose. By those measures, American National Biography Online easily outdistances Wikipedia."[82]

Contrasting Wikipedia's treatment of Abraham Lincoln to that of Civil War historian James McPherson in American National Biography Online, he acknowledges that both are essentially accurate and cover the major episodes in Lincoln's life, but praises "McPherson’s richer contextualization… his artful use of quotations to capture Lincoln’s voice … and … his ability to convey a profound message in a handful of words." By contrast, he cites an example of Wikipedia's prose that he finds "both verbose and dull." Further, he contrasts "the skill and confident judgment of a seasoned historian" displayed by McPherson and others to the "antiquarianism" of Wikipedia (which he compares in this respect to American Heritage magazine), and states that while Wikipedia often provides extensive references, they are not the best ones. Still, he acknowledges that "not all historians write as well as McPherson and [Alan] Brinkley, and some of the better-written Wikipedia entries provide more engaging portraits than some sterile and routine entries in American National Biography Online.[82]

Rosenzweig also criticizes the "waffling—encouraged by the npov policy—[that] means that it is hard to discern any overall interpretive stance in Wikipedia history." He cites as an example of this the conclusion of Wikipedia's article on William Clarke Quantrill. While generally praising the article, he nonetheless points to its "waffling" conclusion: "Some historians…remember him as an opportunistic, bloodthirsty outlaw, while others continue to view him as a daring soldier and local folk hero."[82]

Other critics have made similar charges that, even if Wikipedia articles are factually accurate, they are often written in a poor, almost unreadable style. Frequent Wikipedia critic Andrew Orlowski commented: "Even when a Wikipedia entry is 100 per cent factually correct, and those facts have been carefully chosen, it all too often reads as if it has been translated from one language to another then into to a third, passing an illiterate translator at each stage."[83]

[edit] Anonymous editing

Wikipedia has been criticized by many for allowing users to edit anonymously, with only their IP address to identify them. This is said to allow the vandals anonymity and makes it difficult to track them, due to the long and hard-to-remember nature of IP addresses. For instance, Wikipedia co-founder[26] Larry Sanger wrote:[84]

Widespread anonymity leads to a distinguishable problem, namely, the attractiveness of the project to people who merely want to cause trouble, or who want to undermine the project, or who want to change it into something that it is avowedly not – in other words, the troll problem.

However, anonymous editors reveal their IP addresses, which can be used by admins to register complaints with Internet service providers or to put "range blocks" in place. Admins may also choose not to block because they might exclude regular contributors who share the same IP. Knowledgeable computer users and hackers, though, are easily capable of finding ways around IP blocking. Many have suggested requiring users to register before editing articles, and on December 5, 2005 non-registered editors were prohibited from creating new articles.[85]

[edit] Copyright issues

 Please help improve this section by expanding it.
Further information might be found on the talk page or at requests for expansion.

A significant number of people, including Jimmy Wales, the de facto leader of the project,[9] have commented that many images, and some articles, are copyright violations.[86] Often images are uploaded and incorrectly tagged as fair use, which is discouraged but not disallowed on the English-language Wikipedia (other language projects each have their own image copyright policy); however, unless an image provides a reasonable justification for fair use, it will usually be deleted within a few weeks. There is also a copyright violations page where violations can be listed, and Wikipedia has their own designated agent[87] who can take down content upon request, as required by current United States law (see Online Copyright Infringement Liability Limitation Act).

[edit] The "hive mind"

See also: Conformity (psychology) and Groupthink

In his article, Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism (first published online by Edge: The Third Culture, 30 May 2006), computer scientist and digital theorist Jaron Lanier describes Wikipedia as a "hive mind" that is "for the most part stupid and boring," and asks, rhetorically, "why pay attention to it?" His thesis follows:

The problem is in the way the Wikipedia has come to be regarded and used; how it's been elevated to such importance so quickly. And that is part of the larger pattern of the appeal of a new online collectivism that is nothing less than a resurgence of the idea that the collective is all-wise, that it is desirable to have influence concentrated in a bottleneck that can channel the collective with the most verity and force. This is different from representative democracy, or meritocracy. This idea has had dreadful consequences when thrust upon us from the extreme Right or the extreme Left in various historical periods. The fact that it's now being re-introduced today by prominent technologists and futurists, people who in many cases I know and like, doesn't make it any less dangerous.[88]

Lanier goes on to point out the economic trend to reward entities that aggregate information, rather than those that actually generate content. In the absence of "new business models," the popular demand for content will be sated by mediocrity, thus reducing or even eliminating any monetary incentives for the production of new knowledge.[88]

Lanier's opinions produced some strong disagreement. Internet consultant Clay Shirky noted that Wikipedia has many internal controls in place and is not a mere mass of unintelligent collective effort:

Neither proponents nor detractors of hive mind rhetoric have much interesting to say about Wikipedia itself, because both groups ignore the details... Wikipedia is best viewed as an engaged community that uses a large and growing number of regulatory mechanisms to manage a huge set of proposed edits... To take the specific case of Wikipedia, the Seigenthaler/Kennedy debacle catalyzed both soul-searching and new controls to address the problems exposed, and the controls included, inter alia, a greater focus on individual responsibility, the very factor “Digital Maoism” denies is at work.[89]

However critics charge that unless one is both familiar with Wikipedia and willing to spend a certain amount of time on wikipedia these safeguards can and do fail.

[edit] Criticism of the implementation

[edit] Notability

Wikipedia's notability policy, and the application thereof, is the subject of much criticism. One argument given for maintaining notability standards is that non-notable subjects are difficult to verify.[90] Timothy Noah argues that the verifiability policy covers that issue sufficiently.[91] Many writers believe that notability decisions are inevitably arbitrary. Nicholson Baker writes, "There are quires, reams, bales of controversy over what constitutes notability in Wikipedia: nobody will ever sort it out."[92] David Gerard notes that "inside the wiki people argue endlessly, and outside the wiki it becomes a source of horrible public relations because it’s so obviously subjective and applied subjectively. And it trashes our usefulness for the Long Tail, thus damaging our breadth, one of our greatest strengths."[93]

[edit] Criticism of the contributors

[edit] Flame wars

A common complaint about Wikipedia concerns so-called "flame wars", or deliberate insults made by users to create a hostile environment. This concern has been acknowledged by Wikipedia; civility[94] and "no personal attacks"[95] are official policies of the project, and the concept of "wikiquette" has been adopted by some users in response.[96]

[edit] Strongly biased editing

Another complaint about Wikipedia focuses on the efforts of contributors with idiosyncratic beliefs, who push their point of view in an effort to dominate articles, especially controversial ones.[97][98] This sometimes results in revert wars and pages being locked down. In response, an Arbitration Committee has been formed on the English Wikipedia that deals with the worst alleged offenders—though a conflict resolution strategy is actively encouraged before going to this extent. Also, to stop the continuous reverting of pages, Jimmy Wales introduced a "three revert rule",[99] whereby those users who reverse the effect of others' contributions to one article more than three times in a 24 hour period may be blocked.

[edit] Liberal bias

Another criticism is that a politically liberal bias is predominant. According to Jimmy Wales: "The Wikipedia community is very diverse, from liberal to conservative to libertarian and beyond. If averages mattered, and due to the nature of the wiki software (no voting) they almost certainly don’t, I would say that the Wikipedia community is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population on average, because we are global and the international community of English speakers is slightly more liberal than the U.S. population. There are no data or surveys to back that."[100] The belief in a liberal bias at Wikipedia led to the creation of Conservapedia.[101] Conservapedia editors have compiled a list of alleged examples of bias in Wikipedia.[102] In 2007, an article in The Christian Post criticised Wikipedia's coverage of Intelligent Design, saying that it was biased and hypocritical.[103]

[edit] Censorship

An article in The Independent stated that many "censorial interventions" by editors with vested interests on a variety of articles in Wikipedia have been recently discovered:

"[Wikipedia] was hailed as a breakthrough in the democratisation of knowledge. But the online encyclopedia has since been hijacked by forces who decided that certain things were best left unknown... Now a website designed to monitor editorial changes made on Wikipedia has found thousands of self-serving edits and traced them to their original source. It has turned out to be hugely embarrassing for armies of political spin doctors and corporate revisionists who believed their censorial interventions had gone unnoticed."[104]

An article in Computer Power User asserted that former editors of Wikipedia formed Wikitruth, a site that exposes alleged censorship and infighting on the encyclopedia: "Former editors recently created Wikitruth.info, which purports to expose articles and edits that Wikipedia censors and other “atrocities” involving in-fighting among the administrators."[105] According to InformationWeek, Jimmy Wales dismissed the site as a "hoax" created by editors who had their articles deleted or modified on Wikipedia.[106]

[edit] Administrator actions

In an article on Wikipedia conflicts, The Guardian noted criticism that administrators of the site, who have "special powers to lock down vulnerable articles from further editing, and temporarily block problem users from making changes to the site",[107] have occasionally abused those powers to suppress legitimate editors. The article discussed "a backlash among some editors, who argue that blocking users compromises the supposedly open nature of the project, and the imbalance of power between users and administrators may even be a reason some users choose to vandalise in the first place."[107] A paper published by Palo Alto Research Center, noted the "social stratification in the Wikipedia society" due to the "admins class". The paper suggested that such stratification could be beneficial in some respects but recognized a "clear subsequent shift in power among levels of stratification" due to the "status and power differentials" between administrators and other editors.[108] An article on The Register, dated 4 December 2007 and entitled "Secret mailing list rocks Wikipedia", discussed the use of a private mailing list to coordinate administrative actions.[109] A follow-up article on 8 December 2007 specifically alleged that administrators were collaborating with critics of Overstock.com CEO Judd Bagley to "own" articles about him and his company.[110]

[edit] Level of debate

The standard of debate on Wikipedia has been called into question by persons who have noted that contributors can make a long list of salient points and pull in a wide range of empirical observations to back up their arguments, only to have them ignored completely on the site.[111] An academic study of Wikipedia articles found that the level of debate among Wikipedia editors on controversial topics often degenerated into counterproductive squabbling: "For uncontroversial, 'stable' topics self-selection also ensures that members of editorial groups are substantially well-aligned with each other in their interests, backgrounds, and overall understanding of the topics...For controversial topics, on the other hand, self-selection may produce a strongly misaligned editorial group. It can lead to conflicts among the editorial group members, continuous edit wars, and may require the use of formal work coordination and control mechanisms. These may include intervention by administrators who enact dispute review and mediation processes, [or] completely disallow or limit and coordinate the types and sources of edits."[112]

[edit] Male domination

In November 2006 a group of female long-term contributors to Wikipedia formed WikiChix, a group inspired by and modeled after the female-dominated LinuxChix, in response to their perception of how male-dominated Wikipedia has become, and how uncomfortable some women are when contributing in such an atmosphere.[113] One example of their frustration, though not explicitly cited by the WikiChix community, was the attempt to create the article "Feminist science fiction," which became the subject of a revision war which was ultimately resolved, unsatisfactorily to many, by changing the title to "Women in science fiction" in October 2002. The article at "Feminist science fiction" was then only restarted in June 2006.[114] The existence of a mailing list limited exclusively to female contributors prompted some controversy; the list was subsequently moved from the Wikimedia Foundation's servers to Wikia, the separate wiki-hosting service.[115] A study by Hitwise found that visitors to Wikipedia are almost equally split 50/50 male/female, but that 60% of edits are made by male editors.[116]

[edit] Community

The Wikipedia community consists of people that are frequent contributors.[117] Emigh and Herring argue that "a few active users, when acting in concert with established norms within an open editing system, can achieve ultimate control over the content produced within the system, literally erasing diversity, controversy, and inconsistency, and homogenizing contributors' voices."[11] Editors on Wikinfo, a fork of Wikipedia, similarly argue that new or controversial editors to Wikipedia are often unjustly labeled "trolls" or "problem users" and blocked from editing.[118] The community has also been criticized for responding to complaints regarding an article's quality by advising the complainer to fix the article themselves.[119] Professor James H. Fetzer criticized Wikipedia in that he could not change the article about himself;[120] to ensure impartiality, Wikipedia has a policy that discourages the editing of biographies by the subjects themselves except in "clear-cut cases", such as reverting vandalism or correcting out-of-date or mistaken facts.[121]

The community has been described as "cult-like,"[122][123][124] although not always with entirely negative connotations.[125] A popular joke is that Wikipedia cannot possibly work in theory, but does work in practice.[126] A larger social community also helps in maintaining a supportive atmosphere and collective etiquette, such as resolving disputes by appealing to reliable sources and Wikipedia's own policies.[127]

Wikipedia does not require that its users identify themselves. This anonymity has been criticized, since it does not allow editors to be held accountable for their edits.[128] It also means that multiple people may use one account—or, more often, one person may use multiple accounts, often in an attempt to influence an argument. The latter practice is known as "sock puppetry," which is actively discouraged on Wikipedia.[129]

[edit] Essjay and the lack of credential verification

Main article: Essjay controversy

In July 2006 The New Yorker ran a feature about Wikipedia by Stacy Schiff.[130] Experts including the president of Encyclopædia Britannica, Jorge Cauz, and Wikipedia's de facto leader Jimmy Wales,[9] gave their opinions on the future of Wikipedia. Cauz stated that Wikipedia risked a "decline into a hulking, mediocre mass of uneven, unreliable, and, many times, unreadable articles" and that "Wikipedia is to Britannica as American Idol is to the Juilliard School." Wales countered by stating that he would consider Britannica a competitor, “except that I think they will be crushed out of existence within five years.”

The New Yorker article included an interview with a Wikipedia administrator known by the pseudonym Essjay, who was described in the article as a tenured professor of theology.[131] Essjay's Wikipedia user page[132] (now removed) made the following claim:

I am a tenured professor of theology at a private university in the eastern United States; I teach both undergraduate and graduate theology. I have been asked repeatedly to reveal the name of the institution, however, I decline to do so; I am unsure of the consequences of such an action, and believe it to be in my best interests to remain anonymous.

Essjay also claimed on his user page that he held four academic degrees: Bachelor of Arts in Religious Studies (B.A.), Master of Arts in Religion (M.A.R.), Doctorate of Philosophy in Theology (Ph.D.), and Doctorate in Canon Law (JCD). Essjay specialized in editing articles about religion on Wikipedia, including subjects such as "the penitential rite, transubstantiation, the papal tiara";[130] on one occasion he was called in to give some "expert testimony" on the status of Mary in the Roman Catholic Church.[133] In January 2007, Essjay was hired as a manager with Wikia, a wiki-hosting service founded by Wales and Angela Beesley. In February, Wales appointed Essjay as a member of the Wikipedia Arbitration Committee, a group with powers to issue binding rulings in disputes relating to Wikipedia.[134]

In late February 2007 The New Yorker added an editorial note to its article on Wikipedia stating that it had learned that Essjay was Ryan Jordan, a 24-year-old college dropout from Kentucky with no advanced degrees and no teaching experience.[135] Initially Jimmy Wales commented on the issue of Essjay's identity: "I regard it as a pseudonym and I don’t really have a problem with it." Larry Sanger, co-founder[1][136][137] of Wikipedia, responded to Wales on his Citizendium blog by calling Wales' initial reaction "utterly breathtaking, and ultimately tragic." Sanger said the controversy "reflects directly on the judgment and values of the management of Wikipedia."[138]

Wales later issued a new statement saying he had not previously understood that "EssJay used his false credentials in content disputes." He added: "I have asked EssJay to resign his positions of trust within the [Wikipedia] community."[139] Sanger responded the next day: "It seems Jimmy finds nothing wrong, nothing trust-violating, with the act itself of openly and falsely touting many advanced degrees on Wikipedia. But there most obviously is something wrong with it, and it’s just as disturbing for Wikipedia’s head to fail to see anything wrong with it."[140]

On March 4, Essjay wrote on his user page that he was leaving Wikipedia, and he also resigned his position with Wikia.[141] A subsequent article in the Louisville Courier-Journal suggested that the new résumé he had posted at his Wikia page was exaggerated.[142] The March 19, 2007 issue of The New Yorker published a formal apology by Wales to the magazine and Stacy Schiff for Essjay's false statements.[143]

Discussing the incident, the New York Times noted that the Wikipedia community had responded to the affair with "the fury of the crowd," and observed:

The Essjay episode underlines some of the perils of collaborative efforts like Wikipedia that rely on many contributors acting in good faith, often anonymously and through self-designated user names. But it also shows how the transparency of the Wikipedia process—all editing of entries is marked and saved—allows readers to react to suspected fraud.[144]

The Essjay incident received extensive media coverage, including a national U.S. television broadcast on ABC's World News with Charles Gibson[145] and a March 7, 2007 Associated Press story that was picked up by more than 100 media outlets listed in the Google news cache.[146] The controversy has led to a proposal that users claiming to possess academic qualifications would have to provide evidence before citing them in Wikipedia content disputes.[147] The proposal was not accepted.[148]

[edit] Humorous criticism

Wikipedia is frequently satirized by humorists who call attention to factual inaccuracies that may appear in articles owing to sloppy or biased editors or vandalism. For example, an article in The Onion was entitled "Wikipedia Celebrates 750 Years Of American Independence". In a piece on The Colbert Report, entitled "Wikiality," Stephen Colbert encouraged his viewers to change Wikipedia's article on elephants to state that the number of African elephants had tripled over the past six months.[149] Colbert's comments provoked a wave of vandalism of various articles at Wikipedia.[150] On the 28 January 2007 edition of his program, Colbert did another segment on an attempt by Microsoft to hire writers to skew certain Wikipedia articles in their favor, ending with a call by Colbert to change the Wikipedia article on "reality" to the phrase "Reality has become a commodity" and offering a $5 cash reward to the first viewer to do so. In the animated American Dad! episode "Black Mystery Month" the character Steve Smith, seeking the “one place where a person can put out crazy information with no evidence that millions will accept as true,” turns to Wikipedia.[151] Mad Magazine has spoofed Wikipedia several times in a section of "short takes" on topics of current interest. Satire also exists in the form of parody encyclopedias such as Uncyclopedia[152] and Encyclopedia Dramatica.[153] Allegations that Wikipedia has been used as a platform for defamation gave rise to a joke in an episode of The Simpsons, where jailed hoodlum Snake says to his girlfriend, "Hey, baby. Listen carefully. Someone’s been editing my biography on Wikipedia. I want you to kill him."[154]

[edit] See also

[edit] Further reading

[edit] Notes

  1. ^ a b Bergstein, Brian. "Sanger says he co-started Wikipedia", ABC News, Associated Press, March 25, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-03-26. "The nascent Web encyclopedia Citizendium springs from Larry Sanger, a philosophy Ph.D. who counts himself as a co-founder of Wikipedia, the site he now hopes to usurp. The claim doesn't seem particularly controversial—Sanger has long been cited as a co-founder. Yet the other founder, Jimmy Wales, isn't happy about it." 
  2. ^ "More than just a war of words", The Sydney Morning Herald, April 21, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-23. "Wikipedia is suffering from a credibility crisis. Some—such as the Wikipedia co-founder Larry Sanger, who left the organization in 2002—say the malaise goes even deeper. He describes the organization as "completely dysfunctional" and is heading for a reckoning." 
  3. ^ Larry Sanger, "Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism", Kuro5hin, December 31, 2004.
  4. ^ a b c Lysa Chen (2007-03-28). Several colleges push to ban Wikipedia as resource. Duke Chronicle. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  5. ^ a b McHenry, Robert. "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia", Tech Central Station, 2004-11-15. Retrieved on 2005-12-30. 
  6. ^ Noam Cohen (2007-02-27). Wikipedia on an academic hit list. NY Times News Service. Retrieved on 2007-04-16. “Middlebury professor Thomas Beyer, of the Russian department, said: 'I guess I am not terribly impressed by anyone citing an encyclopedia as a reference point, but I am not against using it as a starting point.'”
  7. ^ "A Stand Against Wikipedia", Inside Higher Ed (January 26, 2007). Retrieved on January 27, 2007.
  8. ^ Wikipedia: Verifiability.
  9. ^ a b c d Brian Bergstein. "Wikipedia co-founder seeks to start all over again—this time with contributors' real names", Associated Press, 2007-04-02. Retrieved on 2007-04-21. "Wikipedia's de-facto leader, Jimmy Wales, counters that real names are overrated."  Sorin Adam Matei and Caius Dobrescu. Ambiguity and conflict in the Wikipedian knowledge production system. 2006 International Communication Association Annual Meeting, Dresden, Germany. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. “The participants included several notable contributors, such as James Wales, Wikipedia’s founder and de facto arbiter and leader of the project.” Holden Frith (2007-03-26). Wikipedia founder launches rival online encyclopaedia. The Times. Retrieved on 2007-04-26. “Wikipedia’s de facto leader, Jimmy Wales, stood by the site's format.”
  10. ^ Wikipedia: "A Work in Progress", BusinessWeek (December 14, 2005). Retrieved on 2007-01-29.
  11. ^ a b Emigh & Herring (2005) "Collaborative Authoring on the Web: A Genre Analysis of Online Encyclopedias", Proceedings of the Thirty-Eighth Hawai'i International Conference on System Sciences. (PDF)
  12. ^ Wisdom? More like dumbness of the crowds | Oliver Kamm - Times Online
  13. ^ a b Wikipedia:Researching with Wikipedia. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2005-12-14.
  14. ^ a b Waldman, Simon. "Who knows?", The Guardian, 2004-10-26. Retrieved on 2005-12-30. 
  15. ^ Daniel Terdiman (2005-12-15). Study: Wikipedia as accurate as Britannica. CNET. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.
  16. ^ Orlowski, Andrew. "Nature mag cooked Wikipedia study", The Guardian, 2006-03-26. Retrieved on 2006-07-14. 
  17. ^ a b Fatally Flawed. Encyclopædia Britannica (March 2006). Retrieved on 14 July 2007.
  18. ^ "Britannica attacks" (2006-03-30). Nature 440: 582. doi:10.1038/440582b. 
  19. ^ The Wall Street Journal Online. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.
  20. ^ McHenry, Robert. "The Faith-Based Encyclopedia Blinks", TCS Daily, 2005-12-14. Retrieved on 2005-12-30. 
  21. ^ Andrew Orlowski (2005-12-12). Who's responsible for Wikipedia?. The Register. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  22. ^ Youngwood, Susan. "Wikipedia: What do they know; when do they know it, and when can we trust it?", Vermont Sunday Magazine, Rutland Herald, April 1, 2007. Retrieved on 2007-04-05. "Perhaps the most important thing to understand about Wikipedia - both its genius and its Achilles heel - is that anyone can create or modify an entry. Anyone means your 10-year-old neighbor or a Nobel Prize winner - or an editor like me, who is itching to correct a grammar error in that Wikipedia entry that I just quoted. Entries can be edited by numerous people and be in constant flux. What you read now might change in five minutes. Five seconds, even."  — Susan Youngwood.
  23. ^ Bob Park (2007-03-23). Wikipedia: Has a beautiful idea fallen victim to human nature?. What's New By Bob Park. Retrieved on 2007-04-02.
  24. ^ Linden, Hartmut (2002-08-02). A White Collar Protein Senses Blue Light. Science. Retrieved on 2005. (subscription access only)
  25. ^ Yolanda S. George and Shirley S. Malcolm. Perspectives from AAAS. American Association for the Advancement of Science. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  26. ^ a b Glyn Moody (2006-07-13). This time, it'll be a Wikipedia written by experts. The Guardian. Retrieved on 2007-04-28. “Larry Sanger seems to have a thing about free online encyclopedias. Although his main claim to fame is as the co-founder, along with Jimmy Wales, of Wikipedia, that is just one of several projects to produce large-scale, systematic stores of human knowledge he has been involved in..."[Jimmy Wales] saw that I was essentially looking for employment online and he was looking for someone to lead Nupedia"...Career: 1992-1996, 1997-1998 Graduate teaching associate, OSU; 2000-2002 Editor-in-chief, Nupedia.”
  27. ^ Sanger, Larry (2004-12-30). Why Wikipedia Must Jettison Its Anti-Elitism. Kuro5hin. Retrieved on 2006-07-14.
  28. ^ Naughton, John. "Why encyclopaedic row speaks volumes about the old guard", The Guardian, 2005-01-09. Retrieved on 2006-07-15. 
  29. ^ Brophy-Warren, Jamin. "Oh, that John Locke". Wall Street Journal (June 16, 2007): P3. 
  30. ^ Titanium, Johnny "DocEvil" (2007-06-05). The Art of Wikigroaning. Something Awful. Retrieved on 2007-06-17.
  31. ^ Brown, Andrew. "No amount of collaboration will make the sun orbit the Earth". The Guardian (June 14, 2007). 
  32. ^ Ivor Tossell (2007-06-15). Duality of Wikipedia. Toronto Globe and Mail. Retrieved on 2007-06-20.
  33. ^ Not Notable: Wikipedia's Arbitrary Deletion Policy
  34. ^ Wikipedia falls foul of the comic book crowd - The INQUIRER
  35. ^ Anil Dash: Cats Can Has Grammar
  36. ^ The Charms of Wikipedia - The New York Review of Books
  37. ^ Wikipedia: Neutral point of view.
  38. ^ Mark Glaser (2006-04-21). Wales Discusses Political Bias on Wikipedia. NPR. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  39. ^ Wikipedia:Neutral point of view/FAQ. Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.
  40. ^ Mark Glaser (2006-04-17). Is There a Neutral View on George W. Bush?. PBS. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. “The search for a “neutral point of view” mirrors the efforts of journalists to be objective, to show both sides without taking sides and remaining unbiased. But maybe this is impossible and unattainable, and perhaps misguided. Because if you open it up for anyone to edit, you’re asking for anything but neutrality.”
  41. ^ Vallely, Paul. "The Big Question: Do we need a more reliable online encyclopedia than Wikipedia?", The Independent, 2006-10-18. Retrieved on 2006-10-18. 
  42. ^ John Siegenthaler. "A false Wikipedia "biography"", USA Today, 2005-11-29. 
  43. ^ Peter Leppik (2004-09-04). Dispatches from the Frozen North.
  44. ^ Dedman, Bill. "Reading Hillary Clinton's hidden thesis", MSNBC.com, 2007-03-03. Retrieved on 2007-03-17. 
  45. ^ Hillary Rodham Clinton. Wikipedia (2005-07-09). Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  46. ^ Hillary Rodham Clinton. Wikipedia (2007-03-02). Retrieved on 2007-03-17.
  47. ^ John Willinsky (2007-01-23). What open access research can do for Wikipedia. First Monday. Retrieved on 2007-10-03.
  48. ^ Wikipedia: Verifiability: Questionable sources.
  49. ^ Bray, Hiawatha (2004-07-12). One great source -- if you can trust it. Boston Globe. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  50. ^ Mistakes and hoaxes on-line. Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2006-04-15). Retrieved on 2007-04-28. “Then [Siegenthaler's] son discovered that his father's hoax biography also appeared on two other sites, Reference.com and Answers.com, which took direct feeds from Wikipedia. It was out there for four months before Seigenthaler realised and got the Wikipedia entry replaced with a more reliable account. The lies remained for another three weeks on the mirror sites downstream. I can relate to this, because libraries are now moving to a system where one person, somewhere, catalogues a book, and the entry is then passed on. That's all very well when the single cataloguer gets it right, but what happens when this person nods?”
  51. ^ Larry Sanger (2007-03-21). We aren’t Wikipedia. Citizendium Blog. Retrieved on 2007-04-29. “Since we’ve got expert editors on board, we can take a more sensible approach to citing sources. The editors we have on board create the sort of sources that Wikipedia cites. We do cite sources, of course, but we have a sensible approach to doing so. We cite sources because doing so helps the reader. We do not cite sources in order to settle internal disputes, or to “prove” a point to contributors; as seasoned researchers, we know that you can find sources for all sorts of ridiculous claims.”
  52. ^ Gene Weingarten. "A wickedly fun test of Wikipedia", The News & Observer, 2007-03-16. Retrieved on 2006-04-08. 
  53. ^ Fernanda Viégas, Martin Wattenberg, Kushal Dave. "Studying Cooperation and Conflict between Authors with history flow Visualizations" (PDF). . MIT
  54. ^ Martin Luther King Day. Wikipedia (2006-05-22).
  55. ^ Sujay Kumar (2007-04-13). Oh, the wonderful world of Wikipedia. The Daily Illini. Retrieved on 2007-10-04.
  56. ^ Cara Paige (2006-04-11). Exclusive: Meet the Real Sir Walter Mitty. Daily Record. Retrieved on 2007-11-24.
  57. ^ Margaret Kane (2006-01-30). Politicians notice Wikipedia. Cnet news.com. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
  58. ^ Senator staffers spam Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2006-09-13.
  59. ^ Israeli battles rage on Wikipedia. Retrieved on 2008-05-08.
  60. ^ Frank Ahrens. "Death by Wikipedia: The Kenneth Lay Chronicles", 2006-07-09. 
  61. ^ Jonathan Fildes (2007-08-15). Wikipedia 'shows CIA page edits'. BBC. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  62. ^ Rhys Blakely (2007-08-15). Exposed: guess who has been polishing their Wikipedia entries?. Times Online. Retrieved on 2007-08-15.
  63. ^ Katherine Noyes (2007-08-15). New Tool Outs Would-Be Wikipedia Tricksters. TechNewsWorld. Retrieved on 2007-08-16.
  64. ^ Metz, Cade, "Wikipedia ruled by 'Lord of the Universe'", The Register, February 6, 2008.
  65. ^ Metz, Cade, "US Department of Justice banned from Wikipedia, The Register, April 29, 2008.
  66. ^ Eric Goldman (2005-12-05). Wikipedia Will Fail Within 5 Years. EricGoldman.org. Retrieved on 2006-12-06.
  67. ^ Thomas Claburn (2006-12-05). Law Professor Predicts Wikipedia's Demise. InformationWeek. Retrieved on 2006-12-16.
  68. ^ Eric Goldman (2006-12-05). Wikipedia Will Fail in Four Years. EricGoldman.org. Retrieved on 2007-07-31.
  69. ^ See "Legal Issues in Employee Privacy" by Thamer E. "Chip" Temple III for further discussion
  70. ^ a b James Donnelly and Jenifer Haeckl (2001-04-12). Privacy and Security on the Internet: What Rights, What Remedies?. MCLE.
  71. ^ See "Libel" by David McHam for the legal distinction
  72. ^ Wikipedia's Hive Mind Administration
  73. ^ Tron dispute. Wikipedia Signpost. Wikipedia (2006-01-16).
  74. ^ Heise Online: "Court overturns temporary restraining order against Wikimedia Deutschland, by Torsten Kleinz, 9 February 2006.
  75. ^ John Timmer (2007-10-18). Anonymous "good samaritans" produce Wikipedia's best content, says study. Ars Technica. Retrieved on 2007-10-27. “Good samaritans with less than 100 edits made higher-quality contributions than those with registered accounts and equal amounts of content. In fact, anonymous contributors with a single edit had the highest quality of any group. But quality steadily declined, and more-frequent anonymous contributors were anything but samaritans; their contributions generally didn't survive editing...The authors also recognize that contributions in the form of stubs on obscure topics might survive unaltered indefinitely, inflating the importance of single contributions...Objective ratings of quality are difficult, and it's hard to fault the authors for attempting to find an easily-measured proxy for it. In the absence of independent correlation, however, it's not clear that the measurement used actually works as a proxy.”
  76. ^ Jim Giles. "Internet encyclopedias go head to head", Nature, 2005-12-14. 
  77. ^ "Supplementary information to accompany Nature news article "Internet encyclopedias go head to head"", Nature, 2005-12-22. 
  78. ^ "Wikipedia study 'fatally flawed'", BBC News, 2006-03-24. 
  79. ^ "Encyclopædia Britannica and Nature: a response", Press release, Nature, 2006-03-23. 
  80. ^ The amorality of Web 2.0. Rough Type (2005-10-03). Retrieved on 2006-07-15.
  81. ^ Technical solutions: Wisdom of the crowds. Nature. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
  82. ^ a b c Roy Rosenzweig (June 2006). "Can History be Open Source? Wikipedia and the Future of the Past". The Journal of American History 93 (1): 117–146.  (Center for History and New Media)
  83. ^ Andrew Orlowski (2005-10-18). Wikipedia founder admits to serious quality problems. The Register. Retrieved on 2007-09-30.
  84. ^ Toward a New Compendium of Knowledge (longer version). Citizendium.org. Retrieved on 2006-10-10.
  85. ^ Wales, Jimmy (2005-12-05). WikiEN-l Experiment on new pages. Retrieved on 2005-12-30.
  86. ^ Guidance on publicity photos called dangerous. Wikipedia Signpost (2006-08-07).
  87. ^ Wikimedia Foundation designated agent. As of 28 August, 2006, that agent is Jimmy Wales.
  88. ^ a b Lanier, Jaron. "DIGITAL MAOISM: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism", Edge Foundation, May 30, 2006. Retrieved on 2007-04-30. 
  89. ^ Clay Shirky (2006-06-07). Reactions to Digital Maoism. Many2Many. Retrieved on 2007-05-01.
  90. ^ http://meta.wikimedia.org/wiki/Deletionism#Rationale_for_deletionism
  91. ^ Evicted from Wikipedia. - By Timothy Noah - Slate Magazine
  92. ^ The Charms of Wikipedia - The New York Review of Books
  93. ^ David Gerard » Blog Archive » Notability for deletion
  94. ^ Wikipedia: Civility.
  95. ^ Wikipedia: No personal attacks.
  96. ^ Anja Ebersbach, Markus Glaser and Richard Heigl. Wiki: Web Collaboration, Chapter One: "The Wiki Concept", p. 28-29. Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2006 ISBN 978-3-540-25995-4. Retrieved on 2007-01-28.
  97. ^ Martin Hickman and Genevieve Roberts (2006-02-13). Wikipedia - separating fact from fiction. New Zealand Herald. Retrieved on 2007-04-17. “Such checking leads to a daily battle of wits with the cyber-wreckers who insert erroneous, ludicrous and offensive material into entries. How frequently entries get messed about with depends on the controversy of their subjects. This week the entry Muslim is being attacked dozens of times a day following the row about cartoons of Mohammed with angry denunciations of suicide bombing and claims of hypocrisy. Prime Minister Tony Blair's entry is a favourite for distortion with new statements casting aspersions on his integrity.”
  98. ^ Kleinz, Torsten. "World of Knowledge", The Wikipedia Project, Linux Magazine, February, 2005. Retrieved on 2007-05-12. "The Wikipedia's open structure makes it a target for trolls and vandals who malevolently add incorrect information to articles, get other people tied up in endless discussions, and generally do everything to draw attention to themselves." 
  99. ^ Wikipedia: Three revert rule.
  100. ^ Mark Glaser (2006-04-21). Wales Discusses Political Bias on Wikipedia. PBS Mediashift. Retrieved on 2007-08-21.
  101. ^ Johnson, Bobbie. "Conservapedia—the US religious right's answer to Wikipedia", The Guardian, 2007-03-01. 
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