Crime mapping
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Crime mapping is used by analysts in law enforcement agencies to map, visualize, and analyze crime incident patterns. It is a key component of crime analysis and the CompStat policing strategy. Mapping crime, using Geographic Information Systems (GIS), allows crime analysts to identify crime hot spots, along with other trends and patterns.
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[edit] Overview
Using GIS, crime analysts can overlay other datasets such as census demographics, locations of pawn shops, schools, etc., to better understand the underlying causes of crime and help law enforcement administrators to devise strategies to deal with the problem. GIS is also useful for law enforcement operations, such as allocating police officers and dispatching to emergencies.
Underlying theories that help explain spatial behavior of criminals include environmental criminology, which was devised in the 1980s by Patricia and Paul Brantingham, routine activity theory, developed by Lawrence Cohen and Marcus Felson and originally published in 1979, and rational choice theory, developed by Ronald V. Clarke and Derek Cornish, originally published in 1986. In recent years, crime mapping and analysis has incorporated spatial data analysis techniques that add statistical rigor and address inherent limitations of spatial data, including spatial autocorrelation and spatial heterogeneity. Spatial data analysis helps one analyze crime data and better understand why and not just where crime is occurring.
[edit] Applications of crime mapping
Crime analysts use crime mapping and analysis to help law enforcement management (e.g. the police chief) to make better decisions, target resources, and formulate strategies, as well as for tactical analysis (e.g. crime forecasting, geographic profiling). New York City does this through the CompStat approach, though that way of thinking deals more with the short term. There are other, related approaches with terms including Information-led policing, Intelligence-led policing, Problem-oriented policing, and Community policing. In some law enforcement agencies, crime analysts work in civilian positions, while in other agencies, crime analysts are sworn officers.
From a research and policy perspective, crime mapping is used to understand patterns of incarceration and recidivism, help target resources and programs, evaluate crime prevention or crime reduction programs (e.g. Project Safe Neighborhoods, Weed & Seed and as proposed in Fixing Broken Windows), and further understanding of causes of crime.
[edit] References
- Brantingham, Paul J., Patricia L. Brantingham (eds) (1981). Environmental Criminology. Waveland Press. ISBN 0-88133-539-8.
- Chainey, Spencer, Jerry Ratcliffe (2005). GIS and Crime Mapping. John Wiley & Sons. ISBN 0-470-86099-5.
- Cohen, Lawrence E., Marcus Felson (1979). "Social change and crime rate trends: A routine activity approach". American Sociological Review 44: 588–607. doi:.
- Cornish, Derek, Ronald V. Clarke (1986). The Reasoning Criminal. Springer-Verlag. ISBN 3-540-96272-7.
[edit] See also
[edit] External links
- SpotCrime.com - The Largest Crime Maps Mashup Site In The United States. It offers crime maps in over 100 cities.
- Mapping & Analysis for Public Safety (MAPS) - National Institute of Justice (NIJ)
- CrimeReports.com - Search official police and sheriff department crime report information in over 200 cities.
- Crime Mapping & Analysis Program - National Law Enforcement Corrections Technology Center (NLECTC)
- Jill Dando Institute of Crime Science
- International Association of Crime Analysts
- PostaCrime.com - Search for crime in your neighborhood by address or zip code and contribute by posting crime information, images, and video.
- Winston Salem Crime - Allows users to search and map crimes using Google Maps.
- Everyblock - A similar Google Maps mashup for Chicago, New York, and San Francisco
