Crater of Diamonds State Park

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Crater of Diamonds State Park, Arkansas, USA
IUCN Category III (Natural Monument)
Location	Pike County, Arkansas, USA
Nearest city	Murfreesboro, Arkansas
Area	911 acres (3.69 km²)
Established	1972
Governing body	Arkansas State Park System

The Crater of Diamonds State Park is an Arkansas State Park located near Murfreesboro in Pike County, Arkansas, USA containing the only diamond bearing site in the world that is open to the public.

1 Description
2 History
3 Geology
4 Notable Diamonds found
5 See also
6 References
7 External links

[edit] Description

The Crater of Diamonds State Park is an 911 acre (3.69 km²) Arkansas State Park situated over an eroded lamproite volcanic pipe. The park is open to the public and, for a small fee, rockhounds and visitors can dig for diamonds and other gemstones. Park visitors find more than 600 diamonds each year of all colors and grades.^[1] Over 25,000 diamonds have been found in the crater since it became a state park. Visitors may keep any gemstone they find regardless of its value (and some, as listed below, have been quite valuable).

In addition to diamonds, visitors may find semi-precious gems such as amethyst, agate, and jasper or approximately 40 other minerals such as garnet, phlogopite, quartz, barite, and calcite.

The crater itself is a 37 1/2 acre (142,000 m²) plowed field. It is periodically plowed to bring the diamonds and other gemstones to the surface. The remainder of the park consists of a visitor center, interpretive Diamond Discovery Center, campground, picnic area, and Diamond Springs aquatic playground. A 1.3 mile (2 km) walking trail along the Little Missouri River is available for hikers.

Murfreesboro is located just south of Hot Springs, Arkansas, the location of Hot Springs National Park. The park is open throughout the year.

[edit] History

The first diamond was found at Murfreesboro in 1906 by John Huddleston who owned the property. Several attempts at commercial exploitation of the site failed. The only significant yields came from the original surface layer, where erosion over a long period of time had concentrated diamonds. In the early period, 1907-1932, yields from this "black gumbo" surface material often exceeded thirty carats per hundred loads (standard 1600-pound tramload of the early period); highest yields from the undisturbed subsurface material (best described as "kimberlite" or volcanic breccia, not "lamproite") were two carats per hundred loads in 1908 and about two carats per hundred short tons (2000 pounds)in 1943-1944. Because equipment of the early period, 1907-1932,usually included bottom screens with mesh larger than 1/16th, thousands of smaller diamonds were allowed to pass through. The bulk of these ended up in drainage cuts of varying depths all over the field and in the big natural drains on the east and west edges of the diamond-bearing section of the volcanic formation, which consisted of approximately thirty-five acres of volcanic breccia on the east side. In recent decades, those small diamonds have been the bread-and-butter of recreational diamond-digging.

Soon after the original diamond was found, a "diamond rush" turned Murfreesboro into a boomtown for a time. According to old tales, hotels in Murfreesboro turned away 10,000 people in the space of a year. Supposedly these refugees formed a tent city near the mine which was named "Kimberly" in hopeful honor of the famous Kimberley diamond district in South Africa. On the other hand, all available evidence indicates the Town of Kimberly originated as a land-development venture in 1909, initiated by Mallard M. Mauney and his oldest son Walter on their thirty acres of land immediately south of Murfreesboro. The project failed soon afterward as the speculative boom generated by the diamond discovery collapsed. Today the Kimberly area is almost all cow pasture, owned by Mauney's descendants.

From 1951 to 1972, the crater hosted several private tourist attractions. The first, The Diamond Preserve of the United States, lasted only about one year. In late 1951, Howard A. Millar stepped in and salvaged the infant tourist industry. In April 1952, Millar and wife, Modean, launched their "Crater of Diamonds" attraction. Howard Millar, an accomplished writer and promoter, stirred unprecedented national publicity and drew enough visitors to sustain the operation. In March 1956, a visitor found the "Star of Arkansas" on the cleared surface. The rare beauty weighed 25.33 carats. Later, Roscoe Johnston opened a rival tourist attraction, the "Arkansas Diamond Mine," on the main part of the diamond field. It was during this time that the "Star of Murfreesboro," the "Phillips 66," and several other sizeable diamonds were found.

The rivalry between the two tourist operations left both in a weakened position. In 1968 the entire volcanic formation was consolidated by a private partnership which then reassigned the property to General Earth Minerals of Dallas, Texas. GEM expected to turn the property over for a profit, but ended up heavily indebted to GF Industries of Dallas. Upon default, GFI took the property in July 1971.

GEM consolidated the tourist operation as well as the property. GFI continued the attraction until it sold the eighty-acre volcanic formation and some 800 surrounding acres to the State of Arkansas in March 1972, for $750,000. The tourist operation continued as the centerpiece of Crater of Diamonds State Park.

De Beers offered to purchase the Crater in the 1990s.

Due in part to the park (and since Arkansas is the first state where diamonds were found "in situ"), the diamond has come to be associated with the state and the diamond shape is part of the design of the flag of Arkansas. The Arkansas State Quarter, released in 2003, bears a diamond on its face, and the former seal of Arkansas State University incorporated a multi-faceted diamond.

[edit] Geology

The Crater of Diamonds volcanic pipe is part of a 95 million-year-old eroded volcano. The deeply sourced lamproite magma, from the upper mantle, brought the diamonds to the surface. The diamonds had crystallized in the cratonic root of the continent long before, and were sampled by the magma as it rose to the surface.

[edit] Notable Diamonds found

1917 ~ Lee J. Wagner of the Arkansas Diamond Company - 17.86 carats (3.572 g), exceptional canary yellow (the uncut gem is on display in the National Museum of Natural History)
1924 ~ The Uncle Sam - at 40.23 carats (8.046 g), the largest diamond ever discovered in North America
1964 ~ The Star of Murfreesboro 34.25 carats (6.850 g) Picture
1975 ~ W. W. Johnson - 16.37 carats "Amarillo Starlight" (largest found since 1972)
1978 ~ Betty Lamle - 8.61 carat "Lamle Diamond" (third largest found since 1972)
1981 ~ Carroll Blankenship - 8.82 carat "Star of Shreveport" (second largest found since 1972)
1990 – Shirley Strawn - 3.09 carat "Strawn-Wagner Diamond" – cut to 1.09 carats in 1997, and graded a "perfect" 0/0/0 by the American Gem Society in 1998, making it the first diamond ever to receive such an AGS grading. Currently on exhibit at the park.
1991 ~ Joe Fedzora - 6.23 carat "Bleeding Heart Diamond" - brownish yellow
1997 ~ Richard Cooper - 6.72 carat "Cooper Diamond" - unusual deep purplish-brown.
2006 ~ Marvin Culver - 4.21 carats "Okie Dokie Diamond" - deep canary yellow and flawless. Seen on Today Show, MSNBC, Inside Edition and Travel Channel and published in Lost Treasure magazine (twice), Western and Eastern Treasures magazine, Mineralogical Record and Rocks & Minerals. Arguably the most publicized diamond from the Crater.
2006 ~ Bob Wehle - 5.47 carat "Sunshine Diamond" - deep canary yellow and flawless.
Dec. 2006 ~ Donald and Brenda Roden - 6.35 carat "Roden Diamond" -- honey-brown.
2007 ~ Eric Blake - 3.93 carats FRAUD(786 mg), tea-colored^[2]-Discredited by FakeMinerals.com, salted Diamond from India
2007 ~ Chad Johnson - 4.38 carats (876 mg) tea-colored diamond ^[3]