Couvade
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The term couvade is derived from the early French word (Couver "to hatch")[citation needed] and originally referred[citation needed] to the medieval Basque custom in which the father, during or immediately after the birth of a child, took to bed, complained of having labour pains, and was accorded the treatment usually shown women during pregnancy or after childbirth. The medical term for this condition is sympathetic pregnancy.[citation needed]
Couvade "involves a father experiencing some of the behavior of his wife at near the time of childbirth, including her birth pains, postpartum seclusion, food restrictions, and sex taboos" (Counihan, p.69).
Western medicine has tended to see the couvade as a medical syndrome or pathology.[citation needed]
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[edit] Symptoms
Couvade is a common but poorly understood phenomenon whereby the expectant father experiences apparently physical symptoms during the pregnancy for which there is no recognized physiological basis. Symptoms commonly include indigestion, increased or decreased appetite, weight gain, diarrhea or constipation, headache, and toothache... Couvade has been seen as an expression of somatized anxiety, pseudo-sibling rivalry, identification with the fetus, ambivalence about fatherhood, a statement of paternity, or parturition envy. It is likely that the dynamics of couvade may vary between individuals and may be multidetermined (Klein, 1991).
In some extreme cases, fathers can grow a belly similar to a 7 month pregnant woman and gain approximately 25 to 30 pounds ("phantom pregnancy").[citation needed] Other symptoms include and are not limited to developed cravings,[citation needed] suffered nausea,[citation needed] breast augmentation,[citation needed] and insomnia.[citation needed]
In "Psycho-Evolutionary" theory, it is thought that couvade is a way to minimize sexual differences in the pregnancy and birthing experience.[citation needed] The couvade may also be a way to establish the father's role in the child's life and to give balance to the gender roles.[citation needed] Couvade is more common where sex roles are flexible and the female is of a dominant status[citation needed].
[edit] Causes
Studies have shown that the male partner cohabitating with a pregnant female will experience hormonal shifts in his prolactin, cortisol, estradiol and testosterone levels;[1] typically starting at the end of the first trimester and continuing through several weeks post-partum. [1] Various explanations of how and why this occurs have been given,[weasel words] including an interaction of factors (some of which are little-researched) such as pheromones, circadian rhythms, simple stress, and mitogenetics.
Couvade has been reported by travelers throughout history, including the Greek geographer Strabo[citation needed] and the Venetian traveler Marco Polo.[citation needed] It has been observed and studied by anthropologists in modern times[citation needed] and is often seen in tribal societies.[citation needed] In some indigenous societies, "sympathetic pregnancy" is attributed to demons or spirits inflicting the symptoms in an attempt to cause problems for the family.[citation needed]
Currently, scientists are at a loss to whether or not Couvade syndrome should be considered psychosomatic, as the syndrome is brought on by a psychological effect (i.e.) the pregnancy of the wife, but was formerly considered a form of Munchausen syndrome.[citation needed] Formerly a number of elaborate psychological explanations were given for it, but today the general medical thought is shifting to a more physical explanation based on hormones.[citation needed]
Some studies report that nosebleeds are sometimes a symptom,[citation needed] indicating that it cannot be totally psychosomatic,[citation needed] as nosebleeds are a symptom caused primarily by mechanical means[citation needed] (e.g. atmospheric conditions) or by the thinning of the wall of the nose. Furthermore, the Couvade phenomenon seems to exist everywhere,[citation needed] and the syndrome does not appear in other, psychologically similar stress situations.[citation needed] In many cases the symptoms appear before the husband is even consciously aware of the wife's pregnancy.[citation needed]
Author Gordon Churchwell has written extensively on the hormonal explanation for the phenomena.[citation needed]
[edit] References
- Klein, H. Couvade syndrome: male counterpart to pregnancy. Int J Psychiatry Med, 21: 1, 1991, 57-69.
- Counihan, Carole. The Anthropology of Food and Body: Gender, Meaning, and Power. New York: Routledge, 1999.
