Cotoneaster

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Cotoneaster
Cotoneaster frigidus foliage and fruit
Cotoneaster frigidus foliage and fruit
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Plantae
Division: Magnoliophyta
Class: Magnoliopsida
Order: Rosales
Family: Rosaceae
Subfamily: Maloideae
Genus: Cotoneaster
Medik.
Species

See text

Cotoneaster (Cotoneaster) is a genus of woody plants in the rose family Rosaceae, native to the Palaearctic region (temperate Asia, Europe, north Africa), with a strong concentration of diversity in the genus in the mountains of southwestern China and the Himalaya.[1] They are related to hawthorns (Crataegus), firethorns (Pyracantha), photinias (Photinia) and rowans (Sorbus).

Depending on the species definition used, there are between 70 to 300 different species of cotoneaster, with many apomictic microspecies treated as species by some authors, but only as varieties by others.[1][2]

The majority of species are shrubs from 0.5-5 m tall, varying from ground-hugging prostrate plants to erect shrubs; a few, notably C. frigidus, are small trees up to 15 m tall and 75 cm trunk diameter. The prostrate species are mostly alpine plants growing at high altitude (e.g. C. integrifolius, which grows at 3000-4000 m in the Himalaya), while the larger species occur in scrub and woodland gaps at lower altitudes.

The shoots are dimorphic, with long shoots (10-40 cm long) producing structural branch growth, and short shoots (0.5-5 cm long) bearing the flowers; this pattern often developing a 'herringbone' form of branching. The leaves are arranged alternately, 0.5-15 cm long, ovate to lanceolate, entire; both evergreen and deciduous species occur. The flowers are produced in late spring, solitary or in corymbs of up to 100 together; they are 5-10 mm diameter, and have five petals, creamy white to light pink, 10-20 stamens and up to five styles. The fruit is a small pome 5-12 mm diameter, bright red when mature, containing one to three (rarely up to five) seeds.[2][3]

Cotoneaster species are used as larval food plants by some Lepidoptera species including Grey Dagger, Mottled Umber, Short-cloaked Moth and Winter Moth.

Contents

[edit] Classification

The genus is often divided into two or more sections, though the situation is complicated by hybridisation:[2]

  • Cotoneaster sect. Cotoneaster (syn. sect. Orthopetalum). Flowers solitary or up to 6 together; petals forward-pointing, often tinged pink. Mostly smaller shrubs.
  • Cotoneaster sect. Chaenopetalum. Flowers more than 20 together in corymbs; petals opening flat, creamy white. Mostly larger shrubs.

[edit] Selected species

  • Cotoneaster acuminatus Lindl.
  • Cotoneaster acutifolius Turcz.
  • Cotoneaster adpressus Bois - Creeping Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster affinis Lindl. - Purpleberry Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster alaunicus Golitsin
  • Cotoneaster ambiguus Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster amoenus E.H.Wilson - Beautiful Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster apiculatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Apiculate Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster ascendens Flinck & B.Hylmö - Ascending Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster astrophoros J.Fryer & E.C.Nelson - Starry Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster atropurpureus Flinck & B.Hylmö - Purple-flowered Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster bacillaris Wall.ex Lindl. - Open-fruited Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster bisramianus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster boisianus G.Klotz - Bois's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster bradyi E.C.Nelson J.Fryer - Brady's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster bullatus Bois - Hollyberry Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster buxifolius Wall.ex Lindl. - Box-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster calocarpus (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Flinck & B.Hylmö - Sikang Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster cambricus J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Wild Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster canescens Vestergr. ex B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster cashmiriensis G.Klotz - Kashmir Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster cavei Klotz
  • Cotoneaster chengkangensis T.T.Yu
  • Cotoneaster cinerascens (Rehder) Flinck & B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster cinnabarinus Juz.
  • Cotoneaster cochleatus (Franch.) G.Klotz - Yunnan Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster confusus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster congestus Baker - Congested Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster conspicuus C.Marquand - Tibetan Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster cooperi C.Marquand - Cooper's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster coriaceus Franch.
  • Cotoneaster dammeri C.K.Schneid. - Bearberry Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster dielsianus E.Pritz.ex Diels - Diels' Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster divaricatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Spreading Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster duthieanus (C.K.Schneid.) Klotz
  • Cotoneaster ellipticus (Lindl.) Loudon - Lindley's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster fangianus T.T.Yu - Fang's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster foveolatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster franchetii Bois - Franchet's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster frigidus Wall.ex Lindl. - Tree Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster gamblei G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster glabratus Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Glabrous Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster glaucophyllus Franch. - Glaucous Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster glomerulatus W.W.Sm.
  • Cotoneaster gracilis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster granatensis Boiss.
  • Cotoneaster harrovianus E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster harrysmithii Flinck & B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster hebephyllus Diels
  • Cotoneaster henryanus (C.K.Schneid.) Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Henry's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hissaricus Pojark. - Circular-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hjelmqvistii Flinck & B.Hylmö - Hjelmqvist's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hodjingensis G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster horizontalis Decne. - Wall Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hsingshangensis J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Hsing-Shan Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hummelii J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Hummel's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hupehensis Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster hurusawaianus G.Klotz - Hurusawa's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster hylmoei Flinck & J.Fryer - Hylmö's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster ignavus Wolf
  • Cotoneaster ignescens J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Firebird Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster ignotus G.Klotz - Black-grape Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster induratus J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Hardy Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster inexspectus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster insculptus Diels - Engraved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster insignis Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster integerrimus Medik.
  • Cotoneaster integrifolius (Roxb.) G.Klotz - Entire-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster kullensis B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster lacteus W.W.Sm. - Late Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster laetevirens (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster langei G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster laxiflorus Lindl.
  • Cotoneaster lidjiangensis G.Klotz - Lidjiang Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster lindleyi Steud.
  • Cotoneaster linearifolius (Klotz) Klotz
  • Cotoneaster lucidus Schltdl. - Shiny Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster ludlowii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster mairei H.Lév. - Maire's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster marginatus (Loudon) Schltdl. - Fringed Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster marquandii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster matrensis Domokos
  • Cotoneaster melanocarpus Lodd.
  • Cotoneaster meuselii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster meyeri Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster microphyllus Wall.ex Lindl. - Small-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster mongolicus Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster monopyrenus (W.W.Sm.) Flinck & B.Hylmö - One-stoned Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster morrisonensis Hayata
  • Cotoneaster moupinensis Franch. - Moupin Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster mucronatus Franch. - Mucronate Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster multiflorus Bunge
  • Cotoneaster nanshan M.Vilm.ex Mottet - Dwarf Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster nebrodensis (Guss.) K.Koch
  • Cotoneaster newryensis Lemoine
  • Cotoneaster niger (Wahlenb.) Fries
  • Cotoneaster nitens Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Few-flowered Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster nitidifolius Marquand
  • Cotoneaster nitidus Jacques - Distichous Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster nivalis (Klotz) G.Panigrahi & A.Kumar
  • Cotoneaster nummularius Fisch. & Mey.
  • Cotoneaster obscurus Rehder & E.H.Wilson - Obscure Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster obtusus Wall.ex Lindl.
  • Cotoneaster oliganthus Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster pannosus Franch. - Silverleaf Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster paradoxus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster permutatus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster perpusillus (C.K.Schneid.) Flinck & B.Hylmö - Slender Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster poluninii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster procumbens Klotz
  • Cotoneaster prostratus Baker - Procumbent Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster przewalskii Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster pseudoambiguus J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Kangting Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster racemiflorus K.Koch
  • Cotoneaster radicans G.Klotz - Rooting Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster rehderi Pojark. - Bullate Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster reticulatus Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster rhytidophyllus Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster roseus Edgew.
  • Cotoneaster rotundifolius Wall.ex Lindl. - Round-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster rubens W.W.Sm.
  • Cotoneaster salicifolius Franch. - Willow-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster sandakphuensis Klotz
  • Cotoneaster sanguineus T.T.Yu
  • Cotoneaster scandinavicus B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster schantungensis G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster schlechtendalii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster serotinus Hutch.
  • Cotoneaster shannanensis J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Shannan Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster sherriffii G.Klotz - Sherriff's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster silvestrei Pamp.
  • Cotoneaster simonsii Baker - Himalayan Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster soongoricus (Regel & Herder) Popov
  • Cotoneaster splendens Flinck & B.Hylmö - Showy Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster staintonii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster sternianus (Turrill) Boom - Stern's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster subadpressus T.T.Yu
  • Cotoneaster submultiflorus Popov
  • Cotoneaster tauricus Pojark.
  • Cotoneaster taylorii T.T.Yu
  • Cotoneaster tengyuehensis J.Fryer & B.Hylmö - Tengyueh Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster tenuipes Rehder & E.H.Wilson
  • Cotoneaster thymifolius Wall.ex Lindl. - Thyme-leaved Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster tibeticus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster tomentellus Pojark. - Short-felted Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster tomentosus Lindl.
  • Cotoneaster transens G.Klotz
  • Cotoneaster turbinatus Craib
  • Cotoneaster uniflorus Bunge
  • Cotoneaster veitchii (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) G.Klotz - Many-flowered Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster verruculosus Diels
  • Cotoneaster vestitus (W.W.Sm.) Flinck & B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster villosulus (Rehder & E.H.Wilson) Flinck & B.Hylmö
  • Cotoneaster vilmorinianus G.Klotz - Vilmorin's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster virgatus Klotz
  • Cotoneaster wardii W.W.Sm. - Ward's Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster wattii Klotz
  • Cotoneaster wilsonii Somgeyagwang namu(In Korean)
  • Cotoneaster zabelii C.K.Schneid. - Cherryred Cotoneaster
  • Cotoneaster zayulensis Klotz

Sources:[1][4][5][6][7][3]

[edit] Cultivation and uses

Cotoneasters are very popular garden shrubs, grown for their attractive habit and decorative fruit. Many of the garden shrubs are cultivars, some of hybrid origin; of these, some are of known parentage, such as the very popular Cotoneaster × watereri Exell (Waterer's Cotoneaster; C. frigidus × C. salicifolius), while others not.[3] Many species have escaped from cultivation and become locally naturalised where climatic conditions are suitable for them, such as the many Chinese species naturalised in northwestern Europe.[7] They have become an invasive weed in Australia.[8]

[edit] Nomenclature

The genus name Cotoneaster derives from cotone, an old Latin name for the quince, and the suffix -aster, 'resembling'. The name is correctly masculine, though in some older works it was wrongly treated as feminine, resulting in different name endings for many of the species (e.g. "Cotoneaster integerrima" instead of Cotoneaster integerrimus).[2]

Cotoneaster horizontalis in flower

Cotoneaster apiculatus with fruit

Cotoneaster integrifolius branch form showing long shoot with numerous short shoots

Cotoneaster integrifolius leaf and fruit (8 mm diameter) detail

[edit] References

Wikimedia Commons has media related to:
  1. ^ a b c Flora of China: Cotoneaster (includes most of the world's Cotoneaster species)
  2. ^ a b c d Bean, W. J. (1976). Trees and Shrubs Hardy in the British Isles. John Murray ISBN 0-7195-1790-7.
  3. ^ a b c Huxley, A., ed. (1992). New RHS Dictionary of Gardening. Macmillan ISBN 0-333-47494-5.
  4. ^ Flora of Nepal: Cotoneaster
  5. ^ Flora Europaea: Cotoneaster
  6. ^ Den virtuella floran: Cotoneaster (in Swedish)
  7. ^ a b Flora of NW Europe: Cotoneaster species list
  8. ^ Weeds Australia - Weed Identification - Cotoneaster