Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany
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Cosimo III de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (14 August 1642 – 31 October 1723) was Grand Duke of Tuscany from 1670 to 1723.
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[edit] Biography
Born in Florence, he was the son of Grand Duke Ferdinando II and Vittoria della Rovere. His father's court botanist, Paolo Boccone and Steno the anatomist, also served under Cosimo. Cosimo travelled extensively and visited Holland twice: in the winter of 1667/1668 and in 1669. A patron of the arts, he visited the painters Gerard Dou and Frans van Mieris the Elder. Cosimo refused to meet to philosopher Baruch Spinoza, who lived outside Leiden . Cosimo ordered a selfportrait from Rembrandt and a view on the townhall by Jan van der Heyden. Jan Swammerdam showed him his collection of insects.[1] .
One of the first consequences of Ferdinando II's death was the outbreak of a domestic conflict between Vittoria della Rovere and her daughter-in-law Marguerite Louise d'Orléans. As long as the old grand duke was alive, the conjugal quarrels between Cosimo and Marguerite-Louise – bitter and chronic though they were – remained within tolerable limits. With his demise the fragile equilibrium was shattered. Vittoria was largely to blame in precipitating events: freshly widowed, she aspired to an active role in the affairs of the State. The influence she wielded over her son provoked Marguerite-Louise, who in turn asked Cosimo III for a role in government.
The new grand duke denied his wife’s request. Hating her husband probably more than Florence, she asked for a separation and the permission to return to France. Probably upon his mother advice, Cosimo agreed to the separation: in 1674 Marguerite-Louise returned to Paris, taking up lodging, albeit episodically leading to some scandal, in the Benedictine monastery of Montmartre.
Both of Cosimo’s brothers had died (Mattias in 1667 and Leopoldo in 1675). Vittoria convinced her son to dismiss some of Ferdinando II's old ministers in favor of others with ecclesiastical background.
In a few years the moral regulations imposed on the Grand Duchy were excessive for Italians of their day. The “Ordinance on Low Windows”, for example, declared that “Since permitting young men to enter one’s house to court the young girls, and allowing them to banter in the doorway or at the window, are enormous incentives to abduction, abortion and infanticide, it is hereby prohibited to allow young men inside, or to allow them to court, with or without permission, in the doorway or at the low windows”. Popular festivals were censured while religious ones grew in number and importance: all things considered, a climate hearkening back to the times of Savonarola. Moreover, Cosimo III imposed higher taxes to maintain the extravagant excesses of the court. He then appointed himself as Minister of Justice, inflicting exemplary punishments that, in his judgment, would instil in his people the fear of God.
Cosimo despaired over the inability of his children to produce heirs.
[edit] Ancestors
[edit] Family and issue
On June 20, 1661, he married Marguerite Louise d'Orléans, a daughter of Gaston, Duke of Orléans and cousin of the French King Louis XIV, in Florence. However, they separated in 1675. They had the following children:
- Ferdinando (August 9, 1663 – October 31, 1713)
- Anna Maria Luisa (August 11, 1667 – February 18, 1743), who married (1691) Johann Wilhelm, Elector Palatine (1658–1716).
- Gian Gastone (May 24, 1671 – July 9, 1737), who succeeded his father as the last Medici Grand Duke of Tuscany in 1723.
[edit] References
- ^ Israel, J. (1995) The Dutch Republic, Its Rise Greatness, and Fall 1477-1806. Clarendon Press Oxford, p. 877.
- Cesati, Franco (2005). "The Twilight of the Dynasty", in Monica Fintoni, Andrea Paoletti: The Medici: Story of a European Dynasty. La Mandragora s.r.l., 125-127.
| Preceded by Ferdinando II de' Medici |
Grand Duke of Tuscany 1670–1723 |
Succeeded by Gian Gastone de' Medici |
