Corruption Perceptions Index

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Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2007
Overview of the index of perception of corruption, 2007

Since 1995, Transparency International has published an annual Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI)[1] ordering the countries of the world according to "the degree to which corruption is perceived to exist among public officials and politicians".[2] The organization defines corruption as "the abuse of entrusted power for private gain".[3]

The 2003 poll covered 133 countries; the 2007 survey, 180. A higher score means less (perceived) corruption. The results show seven out of every ten countries (and nine out of every ten developing countries) with an index of less than 5 points out of 10.

Contents

[edit] Methods and interpretation

Transparency International commissioned Johann Graf Lambsdorff of the University of Passau to produce the Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI).[2] The CPI 2005 draws on "16 different polls and surveys from 10 independent institutions… The institutions who provided data for the CPI 2005 are: Columbia University, Economist Intelligence Unit, Freedom House, Information International, International Institute for Management Development, Merchant International Group, Political and Economic Risk Consultancy, United Nations Economic Commission for Africa, World Economic Forum and World Markets Research Centre. Early CPIs used public opinion surveys, but now only "experts" are used. TI requires at least three sources to be available in order to rank a country in the CPI.[2]

"TI writes in their FAQ on the CPI that "residents' viewpoints correlate well with those of experts abroad. In the past, the experts surveyed in the CPI sources were often business people from industrialised countries; the viewpoint of less developed countries was underrepresented. This has changed over time, giving increasingly voice to respondents from emerging market economies."[2]

As this index is based on polls, the results are subjective and are less reliable for countries with fewer sources. Also, what is legally defined, or perceived, to be corruption differs between jurisdictions: a political donation legal in some jurisdiction may be illegal in another; a matter viewed as acceptable tipping in one country may be viewed as bribery in another. Thus the poll results must be understood quite specifically as measuring public perception rather than being an objective measure of corruption.

Statistics like this are by nature imprecise; statistics from different years are not necessarily comparable. The ICCR itself explains, "…year-to-year changes in a country's score result not only from a changing perception of a country's performance but also from a changing sample and methodology. Each year, some sources are not updated and must be dropped from the CPI, while new, reliable sources are added. With differing respondents and slightly differing methodologies, a change in a country's score may also relate to the fact that different viewpoints have been collected and different questions been asked… [despite] anti-corruption reform… [or] recent exposure of corruption scandals… [i]t is often difficult to improve a CPI score over a short time period, such as one or two years. The CPI is based on data from the past three years (for more on this, see the question on the sources of data, below). This means that a change in perceptions of corruption would only emerge in the index over longer periods of time".[4]

[edit] Criticism

Corruption perception index has sometimes been criticized as the perception of a selected few since it ignores the perception of wider population and focuses on perception of the experts. Furthermore, some have opined that the index analyzes a "mere perception" and the method followed in preparing the index could not measure institutional corruption.[5]

[edit] CPI Ranking (2002–2007)

Worldwide Corruption Perceptions ranking of countries
published by Transparency International

Rank Country Index
2007 2007[6] 2006[7] 2005[8] 2004[9] 2003 2002
1 Flag of Denmark Denmark 9.4 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5 9.5
1 Flag of Finland Finland 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.7 9.7 9.9
1 Flag of New Zealand New Zealand 9.4 9.6 9.6 9.5 9.5 9.4
4 Flag of Singapore Singapore 9.3 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.4 9.4
4 Flag of Sweden Sweden 9.3 9.2 9.2 9.3 9.3 9.0
6 Flag of Iceland Iceland 9.2 9.6 9.7 9.6 9.4 9.2
7 Flag of the Netherlands Netherlands 9.0 8.7 8.6 8.9 9.0 8.8
7 Flag of Switzerland Switzerland 9.0 9.1 9.1 8.8 8.5 8.4
9 Flag of Canada Canada 8.7 8.5 8.4 8.7 9.0 8.9
9 Flag of Norway Norway 8.7 8.8 8.9 8.8 8.5 8.6
11 Flag of Australia Australia 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.8 8.6 8.5
12 Flag of Luxembourg Luxembourg 8.4 8.6 8.5 8.7 9.0 8.7
12 Flag of the United Kingdom United Kingdom 8.4 8.6 8.6 8.6 8.7 8.3
14 Flag of Hong Kong Hong Kong 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.0 8.2 7.9
15 Flag of Austria Austria 8.1 8.6 8.7 8.0 7.8 7.8
16 Flag of Germany Germany 7.8 8.0 8.2 7.7 7.3 7.4
17 Flag of Ireland Republic of Ireland 7.5 7.4 7.4 7.5 6.9 7.5
17 Flag of Japan Japan 7.5 7.6 7.3 7.0 7.1 7.1
19 Flag of France France 7.3 7.4 7.5 6.9 6.3 6.7
20 Flag of the United States United States (American territory) 7.2 7.3 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.6
21 Flag of Belgium Belgium 7.1 7.3 7.4 7.6 7.1 6.6
22 Flag of Chile Chile 7.0 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.5 7.5
23 Flag of Barbados Barbados 6.9 6.7 6.9      
24 Flag of Saint Lucia Saint Lucia 6.8          
25 Flag of Spain Spain 6.7 6.8 7.0 6.9 7.1 7.0
25 Flag of Uruguay Uruguay 6.7 6.4 5.9 5.5 5.1 5.1
27 Flag of Slovenia Slovenia 6.6 6.4 6.1 5.9 6.0 5.2
28 Flag of Estonia Estonia 6.5 6.7 6.4 5.5 5.6 5.6
28 Flag of Portugal Portugal 6.5 6.6 6.5 6.6 6.3 6.3
30 Flag of Israel Israel 6.1 5.9 6.3 6.4 7.0 7.3
30 Flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 6.1          
32 Flag of Qatar Qatar 6.0 6.0 5.9 5.6    
33 Flag of Malta Malta 5.8 6.4 6.4      
34 Flag of Macau Macau 5.7 6.6        
34 Flag of the Republic of China Republic of China (Taiwan) 5.7 5.9 5.9 5.6 5.7 5.6
34 Flag of the United Arab Emirates United Arab Emirates 5.7 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.2  
37 Flag of Dominica Dominica 5.6 4.5 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.2
38 Flag of Botswana Botswana 5.4 5.6 5.9 6.0 5.7 6.4
39 Flag of Cyprus Cyprus (Republic of Cyprus) 5.3 5.6 5.7 5.4 6.1  
39 Flag of Hungary Hungary 5.3 5.2 5.0 4.8 4.8 4.9
41 Flag of the Czech Republic Czech Republic 5.2 4.8 4.3 4.2 3.9 3.7
41 Flag of Italy Italy 5.2 6.2 6.2 5.2    
43 Flag of Malaysia Malaysia 5.1 5.0 2.8 2.8 2.8 4.9
43 Flag of South Africa South Africa 5.1 4.6 4.5 4.6 4.4 4.8
43 Flag of South Korea South Korea 5.1 5.1 5.0 4.5 4.3 4.5
46 Flag of Bahrain Bahrain 5.0 5.7 5.8 5.8 6.1  
46 Flag of Bhutan Bhutan 5.0          
46 Flag of Costa Rica Costa Rica 5.0 4.1 4.2 4.9 4.3 4.5
49 Flag of Cape Verde Cape Verde 4.9          
49 Flag of Slovakia Slovakia 4.9 6.4 6.1 4.0 3.7 3.7
51 Flag of Latvia Latvia 4.8 4.7 4.2 4.0 3.8 3.7
51 Flag of Lithuania Lithuania 4.8 4.8 4.8 4.6 4.7 4.8
51 Flag of Jordan Jordan 4.7 5.3 5.7 5.3 4.6 4.5
53 Flag of Mauritius Mauritius 4.7 5.1 4.2 4.1 4.4 4.5
53 Flag of Oman Oman 4.7 5.4 6.3 6.1 6.3  
56 Flag of Greece Greece 4.6 4.4 4.3 4.3 4.3 4.2
57 Flag of Namibia Namibia 4.5 4.1 4.3 4.1 4.7 5.7
57 Flag of Samoa Samoa 4.5          
57 Flag of the Seychelles Seychelles 4.5 3.6 4.0 4.4    
60 Flag of Kuwait Kuwait 4.3 4.8 4.7 4.6 5.3  
61 Flag of Cuba Cuba 4.2 3.5 3.8 3.7 4.6  
61 Flag of Poland Poland 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.5 3.6 4.0
61 Flag of Tunisia Tunisia 4.2 4.6 4.9 5.0 4.9 4.8
64 Flag of Bulgaria Bulgaria 4.1 4.0 4.0 4.1 3.9 4.0
64 Flag of Croatia Croatia 4.1 3.4 3.4 3.5 3.7 3.8
64 Flag of Turkey Turkey 4.1 3.8 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.2
67 Flag of El Salvador El Salvador 4.0 4.0 4.2 3.7 3.4 3.2
68 Flag of Colombia Colombia 3.8 3.9 4.0 3.8 3.7 3.6
69 Flag of Ghana Ghana 3.7 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.3 3.9
69 Flag of Romania Romania 3.7 3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.6
71 Flag of Senegal Senegal 3.6 3.3 3.2 3.0 3.2 3.1
72 Flag of Brazil Brazil 3.5 3.3 3.7 3.9 3.9 4.0
72 Flag of the People's Republic of China People's Republic of China 3.5 3.3 3.2 3.4 3.4 3.5
72 Flag of India India 3.5 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.8 2.7
72 Flag of Mexico Mexico 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.6 3.6 3.6
72 Flag of Morocco Morocco 3.5 3.2 3.2 3.2 3.3 3.7
72 Flag of Peru Peru 3.5 3.3 3.5 3.5 3.7 3.4
72 Flag of Suriname Suriname 3.5 3.0 3.2 4.3    
79 Flag of Georgia (country) Georgia 3.4 2.8 2.3 2.0 1.8 2.4
79 Flag of Grenada Grenada 3.4 3.5        
79 Flag of Saudi Arabia Saudi Arabia 3.4 3.3 3.4 3.4 4.5  
79 Flag of Serbia Serbia[10] 3.4 3.0 2.8 2.7 2.3  
79 Flag of Trinidad and Tobago Trinidad and Tobago 3.4 3.2 3.8 4.2 4.6 4.9
84 Flag of Bosnia and Herzegovina Bosnia-Herzegovina 3.3 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.3  
84 Flag of Gabon Gabon 3.3 3.0 2.9 3.3    
84 Flag of Jamaica Jamaica 3.3 3.7 3.6 3.3 3.8 4.0
84 Flag of Kiribati Kiribati 3.3 3.7        
84 Flag of Lesotho Lesotho 3.3 3.2 3.4      
84 Flag of the Republic of Macedonia Macedonia 3.3 2.7 2.7 2.7 2.3  
84 Flag of the Maldives Maldives 3.3          
Rank Country Index
2007 2007 2006 2005 2004 2003 2002
84 Flag of Montenegro Montenegro 3.3          
84 Flag of Swaziland Swaziland 3.3 2.5 2.7      
84 Flag of Thailand Thailand 3.3 3.6 3.8 3.6 3.3 3.2
94 Flag of Madagascar Madagascar 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.1 2.6 1.7
94 Flag of Panama Panama 3.2 3.1 3.5 3.7 3.4 3.0
94 Flag of Sri Lanka Sri Lanka 3.2 3.1 3.2 3.5 3.4 3.7
94 Flag of Tanzania Tanzania 3.2 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.7
98 Flag of Vanuatu Vanuatu 3.1          
99 Flag of Algeria Algeria 3.0 3.1 2.8 2.7 2.6  
99 Flag of Armenia Armenia 3.0 2.9 2.9 3.1 3.0  
99 Flag of Belize Belize 3.0 3.5 3.7 3.8 4.5  
99 Flag of the Dominican Republic Dominican Republic 3.0 2.8 3.0 2.9 3.3 3.5
99 Flag of Lebanon Lebanon 3.0 3.6 3.1 2.7 3.0  
99 Flag of Mongolia Mongolia 3.0 2.8 3.0 3.0    
105 Flag of Albania Albania 2.9 2.6 2.4 2.5 2.5 2.5
105 Flag of Argentina Argentina 2.9 2.9 2.8 2.5 2.5 2.8
105 Flag of Bolivia Bolivia 2.9 2.7 2.5 2.2 2.3 2.2
105 Flag of Burkina Faso Burkina Faso 2.9 3.2 3.4      
105 Flag of Djibouti Djibouti 2.9          
105 Flag of Egypt Egypt 2.9 3.3 3.4 3.2 3.3 3.4
111 Flag of Eritrea Eritrea 2.8 2.9 2.6 2.6    
111 Flag of Guatemala Guatemala 2.8 2.6 2.5 2.2 2.4 2.5
111 Flag of Moldova Moldova 2.8 3.2 2.9 2.3 2.4 2.1
111 Flag of Mozambique Mozambique 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.7  
111 Flag of Rwanda Rwanda 2.8 2.5 3.1      
111 Flag of the Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 2.8          
111 Flag of Uganda Uganda 2.8 2.7 2.5 2.6 2.2 2.1
118 Flag of Benin Benin 2.7 2.5 2.9 3.2    
118 Flag of Malawi Malawi 2.7 2.7 2.8 2.8 2.8 2.9
118 Flag of Mali Mali 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.2 3.0  
118 Flag of São Tomé and Príncipe Sao Tome and Principe 2.7          
118 Flag of Ukraine Ukraine 2.7 2.8 2.6 2.2 2.3 2.4
123 Flag of the Comoros Comoros 2.6          
123 Flag of Guyana Guyana 2.6 2.5 2.5      
123 Flag of Mauritania Mauritania 2.6 3.1        
123 Flag of Nicaragua Nicaragua 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.6 2.5
123 Flag of Niger Niger 2.6 2.3 2.4 2.2    
123 Flag of East Timor Timor-Leste 2.6 2.6        
123 Flag of Vietnam Vietnam 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.4 2.4
123 Flag of Zambia Zambia 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.6 2.5 2.6
131 Flag of Burundi Burundi 2.5 2.4 2.3      
131 Flag of Honduras Honduras 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.7
131 Flag of Iran Iran 2.5 2.7 2.9 2.9 3.0  
131 Flag of Libya Libya 2.5 2.7 2.5 2.5 2.1  
131 Flag of Nepal Nepal 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.8    
131 Flag of the Philippines Philippines 2.5 2.5 2.5 2.6 2.5 2.6
131 Flag of Yemen Yemen 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.4 2.6 2.4
138 Flag of Cameroon Cameroon 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 1.8 2.2
138 Flag of Ethiopia Ethiopia 2.4 2.4 2.2 2.3 2.5 3.5
138 Flag of Pakistan Pakistan 2.4 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.5 2.6
138 Flag of Paraguay Paraguay 2.4 2.6 2.1 1.9 1.6 1.7
138 Flag of Syria Syria 2.4 2.9 3.4 3.4 3.4  
143 Flag of The Gambia The Gambia 2.3 2.5 2.7 2.8 2.5  
143 Flag of Indonesia Indonesia 2.3 2.4 2.2 2.0 1.9 1.9
143 Flag of Russia Russia 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.8 2.7 2.7
143 Flag of Togo Togo 2.3 2.4        
147 Flag of Angola Angola 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.0 1.8 1.7
147 Flag of Guinea-Bissau Guinea-Bissau 2.2          
147 Flag of Nigeria Nigeria 2.2 2.2 1.9 1.6 1.4 1.6
150 Flag of Azerbaijan Azerbaijan 2.1 2.4 2.2 1.9 1.8 2.0
150 Flag of Belarus Belarus 2.1 2.1 2.6 3.3 4.2 4.8
150 Flag of the Republic of the Congo Republic of the Congo 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.2  
150 Flag of Côte d'Ivoire Côte d'Ivoire 2.1   1.9 2.0 2.1 2.7
150 Flag of Ecuador Ecuador 2.1 2.3 2.5 2.4 2.2 2.2
150 Flag of Kazakhstan Kazakhstan 2.1 2.6 2.6 2.2 2.4 2.3
150 Flag of Kenya Kenya 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.1 1.9 1.9
150 Flag of Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.2 2.1  
150 Flag of Liberia Liberia 2.1   2.2      
150 Flag of Sierra Leone Sierra Leone 2.1 2.2 2.4 2.3 2.2  
150 Flag of Tajikistan Tajikistan 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.0 1.8  
150 Flag of Zimbabwe Zimbabwe 2.1 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.3 2.7
162 Flag of Bangladesh Bangladesh 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.5 1.3 1.2
162 Flag of Cambodia Cambodia 2.0 2.1 2.3 1.5 1.3 1.2
162 Flag of the Central African Republic Central African Republic 2.0 2.4        
162 Flag of Papua New Guinea Papua New Guinea 2.0 2.4 2.3 2.6 2.1  
162 Flag of Turkmenistan Turkmenistan 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.0    
162 Flag of Venezuela Venezuela 2.0 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.4 2.5
168 Flag of the Democratic Republic of the Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 1.9 2.0 2.1 2.0    
168 Flag of Equatorial Guinea Equatorial Guinea 1.9 2.1 1.9      
168 Flag of Guinea Guinea 1.9 1.9        
168 Flag of Laos Laos 1.9 2.6 3.3      
172 Flag of Afghanistan Afghanistan 1.8   2.5      
172 Flag of Chad Chad 1.8 2.0 1.7 1.7    
172 Flag of Sudan Sudan 1.8 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3  
175 Flag of Tonga Tonga 1.7          
175 Flag of Uzbekistan Uzbekistan 1.7 2.7 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.9
177 Flag of Haiti Haiti 1.6 1.8 1.8 1.5 1.5 2.2
178 Flag of Iraq Iraq 1.5 1.9 2.2 2.1 2.2  
179 Flag of Burma Myanmar 1.4 1.9 1.8 1.7 1.6  
179 Flag of Somalia Somalia 1.4   2.1      



[edit] References

  1. ^ Corruption Perception Report accessed on January 9, 2007
  2. ^ a b c d Frequently Asked Questions: TI Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI 2005). Retrieved on 2005-11-22.
  3. ^ Global Corruption Report 2007. Retrieved on 2007-10-27.
  4. ^ ICCR FAQ. Retrieved on 2005-07-04.
  5. ^ "Bangladesh's economists question corruption perception index", The HINDU News Update Service, 2007-09-27. Retrieved on 2007-09-28. (English) 
  6. ^ CPI 2007 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-10-01.
  7. ^ CPI 2006 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2006-11-17.
  8. ^ CPI 2005 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
  9. ^ CPI 2004 table. Transparency International. Retrieved on 2007-12-03.
  10. ^ The years 2002-2005 show data for Serbia and Montenegro

[edit] See also

[edit] External links