Cornelia Sorabji
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Cornelia Sorabji (1866-1954), first woman barrister from India, social reformer, and writer.
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[edit] Early life and education
Sorabji was born at Nashik in the Bombay Presidency, India, on 15 November 1866. She was one of nine children of Reverend Sorabji Karsedji, a Parsi Christian, and his wife, Francina Ford, an Indian who had been adopted and raised by a British couple. Ford, who believed that education must begin at home with women, helped to establish several girls’ schools in Poona (now Pune).[1] Due in part to her influential societal position, Ford was often consulted by local women in matters pertaining to inheritance and property rights. Many of Sorabji’s later educational and career decisions would be heavily influenced by her mother.
As a child Sorabji received her education both at home, with her missionary father, and at mission schools. Later she would attend the interracial Victoria High School in Poona, which had been partially founded by her mother.[2] She was the first woman to attend Deccan College in Poona and became the first female graduate in western India. Her academic record, had she not been female, would have guaranteed her a government scholarship to continue her studies. Instead, after receiving a first class degree in Literature in 1887, she was offered a teaching fellowship in Ahmadabad at Gujarat College, where she lectured on English language and literature.
In 1889 she joined Somerville College, Oxford under the sponsorship of the National Indian Association and a trust fund established by Mary Hobhouse (which was supported by feminists such as Millicent Garrett Fawcett and Florence Nightingale).[3] Through her friendship with Benjamin Jowett,[4] and her attraction as the only female Indian student in Oxford, Sorabji became acquainted with some of the leading contemporary figures in politics, law, and social reform. Max Muller, a leading orientalist, became a close friend.[5] She was presented at court, where she met Queen Victoria, and would later meet Prime Minister William Gladstone.[6]
In 1892, she was given special permission by Congregational Decree, due in large part to the petitions of her English friends, to sit for the examination in bachelor of civil law, becoming the first woman to ever do so. Although she placed third class, she was not admitted to the degree due to her sex; Oxford would not allow women into the law degree until 1919. Sorabji would have to wait 30 years before she could attain her law degree, but in 1922 she returned to Oxford to receive it. She would be called to the bar in 1923 from Lincoln’s Inn.
[edit] Legal activities
Upon returning to India in 1894, Sorabji became involved in social and advisory work on behalf of the purdahnashins, women who, according to Hindu law, were forbidden to communicate with the outside male world. In many cases, these women owned considerable property, yet had no access to the necessary legal expertise to defend it. Sorabji was given special permission to enter pleas on the behalf of the purdahnashins before British agents of Kathiawar and Indore principalities, but she was unable to defend them in court since, as a woman, she did not hold professional standing in the Indian legal system. In the hopes of gaining legal recognition, Sorabji presented herself for the LLB examination of Bombay University in 1897 and pleader’s examination of Allahabad high court in 1899. Yet, despite her successes, Sorabji would not be recognized as a barrister, until the law, which barred women from practicing, was changed in 1924.
Sorabji began petitioning the India Office, as early as 1902, to provide for a female legal advisor to represent women and minors in provincial courts. In 1904 she was appointed Lady Assistant to the Court of Wards of Bengal and by 1907, due to the need for such representation, Sorabji was working in the provinces of Bengal, Bihar, Orissa, and Assam. During the next 20 years of service, it is estimated that Sorabji helped over 600 women and orphans to fight legal battles, sometimes at no charge.[7] She would later write about many of these cases in her work Between the Twilights and her two autobiographies. In 1924, the legal profession was opened to women in India and Sorabji began practicing in Calcutta. However, due to male bias and discrimination, she was confined to preparing opinions on cases, rather than pleading them before the court. Sorabji retired from the high court in 1929, and settled in London, visiting India during the winters. She died at her London Home, Northumberland House, Green Lanes, Finsbury Park, on 6 July 1954.
[edit] Social and reform work
At the turn of the century, Sorabji was also actively involved in social reform work. She was associated with the Bengal branch of the National Council for Women in India, the Federation of University Women, and the Bengal League of Social Service for Women. For her services to the Indian nation, she was awarded the Kaiser-i-Hind gold medal in 1909. Although an Anglophile, Sorabji had no desire to see “the wholesale imposition of a British legal system on Indian society any more than she sought the transplantation of other Western values.”[8] Early in her career Sorabji had supported the campaign for Indian Independence, relating women’s rights to the capacity for self government. Although she greatly supported traditional Indian life and culture, Sorabji did a great deal to promote the movement to reform Hindu laws regarding child marriage and the position of widows. She often worked alongside fellow reformer and friend Pandita Ramabai. Nevertheless, she believed that the true impetus behind social change was education and until the majority of illiterate women had access to it, the suffrage movement would be a failure.
By the late 1920s, however, Sorabji had adopted a staunch anti-nationalist attitude; believing that nationalism violated the beliefs, customs, and traditions of the country’s Hindu ‘orthodox’.[9] By 1927 she was actively involved in promoting support for the Empire and preserving the rights of the Hindu Orthodox. She favorably viewed the polemical attack on Indian self-rule in Katherine Mayo’s, Mother India (1927), and condemned Mahatma Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience. She toured India and the United States to propagate her political views which would end up costing her the support needed to undertake later social reforms. One such failed project was the League for Infant Welfare, Maternity, and District Nursing.
[edit] Bibliography
In addition to her work as a social reformer and legal activist, Sorabji wrote a number of books, short stories and articles.
- 1902: Love and Life behind the Purdah (short stories concerning life in the zenana (women’s domestic quarters), it is one of the most extensive ethnographic studies of purdahnashins to date)
- 1904: Sun-Babies: studies in the child-life of India
- 1908: Between the Twilights: Being studies of India women by one of themselves (details many of her legal cases while working for the Court of Wards); Social Relations: England and India
- 1916: Indian Tales of the Great Ones Among Men, Women and Bird-People (legends and folk tales)
- 1917: The Purdahnashin (works on women in purdah)
- 1924: Therefore (memoirs of her parents)
- 1930: Gold Mohur: Time to Remember (a play)
- 1932: A biography of her educationist sister, Susie Sorabji
Sorabji also wrote two autobiographical works entitled India Calling (1934) and India Recalled (1936). It is acknowledged that she contributed to Queen Mary’s Book of India, 1943, which had contributions from such authors as T. S. Eliot and Dorothy L. Sayers.
[edit] External links
- Cornelia Sorabji images Link to images of Sorabji at the National Portrait Gallery website
- Mother India Link to a copy of Katherine Mayo's, Mother India, available through Australia's Project Gutenberg
[edit] References
- Blain, Virginia, et al,The Feminist Companion to Writers in English: Women Writers from the Middle Ages to the Present (New Haven : Yale University Press, 1990)
- Matthew, H.C.G and Brian Harrison, ed., Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford : Oxford University Press, 2004)
- Mossman, Mary Jane, The First Women Lawyers: A Comparative Study of Gender, Law and the Legal Professions (Toronto: Hart Publishing, 2007)
- Rappaport, Helen, Encyclopedia of Women Social Reformers (Santa Barbara : ABC CLIO, 2001)
- Zilboorg, Caroline, ed. Women's Firsts (New York : Gale, 1997)
