Coptic binding

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Simple Coptic binding (model)
Simple Coptic binding (model)
Detail of Coptic-style sewing (model)
Detail of Coptic-style sewing (model)
Nag Hammadi (single section) codices
Nag Hammadi (single section) codices

Coptic binding refers to methods of bookbinding developed by early Christians in Egypt, the Copts, and used from as early as the 2nd century AD to the 11th century.[1][2] The term is also used to describe modern bindings sewn in the same style. Approximately 120 original and complete Coptic bindings survive in the collections of museums and libraries,[3] though the remnants of as many as 500 Coptic bindings survive.[4][5]

Coptic bindings, the first true codices, are characterized by one or more sections of parchment, papyrus, or paper sewn through their folds, and (if more than one section) attached to each other with chain stitch linkings across the spine. In practice, the phrase "Coptic binding" usually refers to multi-section bindings, while single-section Coptic codices are often referred to as "Nag Hammadi bindings," after the 13 codices found in 1945 which exemplify the form.

Nag Hammadi bindings were constructed with a textblock of papyrus sheets, assembled into a single section and trimmed along the fore edge after folding to prevent the inner sheets from extending outward beyond the outer sheets. Because the inner sheets were narrower than the outer sheets after trimming, the width of text varied through the textblock, and it is likely that the papyrus was not written on until after it was bound; this, in turn, would have made it a necessity to calculate the number of sheets needed for a manuscript before it was written and bound.[6][7] Covers of Nag Hammadi bindings were limp leather, stiffened with waste sheets of papyrus. The textblocks were sewn with tackets, with leather stays along the inside fold as reinforcement. These tackets also secured the textblock to the covers; on some of the Nag Hammadi bindings, the tackets extended to the outside of the covering leather, while on others the tackets were attached to a strip of leather which served as a spine liner, and which was in turn pasted to the covers.[8] A flap, either triangular or rectangular, extended from the front cover of the book, and was wrapped around the fore edge of the book when closed. Attached to the flap was a long leather thong which was wrapped around the book two or three times, and which served as a clasp to keep the book securely shut.[9][10]

Multi-section Coptic bindings had cover boards that were initially composed of layers of papyrus, though by the 4th century, wooden boards were also frequent. Leather covering was also common by the 4th century, and all subsequent Western decorated leather bindings descend from Coptic bindings.[11]

Modern Coptic bindings can be made with or without covering leather; if left uncovered, a Coptic binding is able to open 360°. If the leather is omitted, a Coptic binding is non-adhesive, and does not require any glue in its construction.

[edit] References

  1. ^ Turner, Eric G. (1977). The Typology of the Early Codex. University of Pennsylvania Press, 89-94. ISBN 0-8122-7696-5. 
  2. ^ It is sometimes claimed that the Coptic binding, and thus the western codex, originated in the 4th century AD. While codex binding did flourish in the 4th century, several extant codex fragments are dated to the 2nd century, and more than 250 exist from before the year 300. (See Turner, chapter 7, and Szirmai, chapter 2.)
  3. ^ Glaister, Geoffrey Ashall (1996). Encyclopedia of the Book. Oak Knoll Press & The British Library, 113-114. ISBN 1-884718-14-0. 
  4. ^ Szirmai, J. A. (1999). The Archaeology of Medieval Bookbinding. Brookfield, VT: Ashgate. ISBN 0-85967-904-7. 
  5. ^ Glaister does not give the methodology of his figure, and given its low count, it probably refers only to intact bindings; Szirmai's count includes fragments or sheets which show evidence of being bound, such as sewing holes or codex pagination.
  6. ^ Szirmai, 12-13.
  7. ^ Turner points out that a scribe could, however, insert a single leaf either in the middle of the book or at the end; some evidence points to this having been done in two of the Nag Hammadi codices.
  8. ^ Szirmai, 9-10.
  9. ^ Szirmai, 9.
  10. ^ Greenfield, Jane (2002). ABC of Bookbinding. New Castle, DE: Oak Knoll Press, 80-81. ISBN 1-884718-41-8. 
  11. ^ Etherington, Donald (1982). Bookbinding and the Conservation of Books. Library of Congress, 65. ISBN 0-8444-0366-0.