User:Conaughy/Sandbox
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Washington DC area: Mid- 1600's to West Virginia Eastern Panhandle.
The founding of the lower Potomac River of Maryland was 1634. There was some slavory by 1639. The early growth period for eastern Maryland was 1690s through 1715. These were for religious reasons, other colony Virginia became residents moving onto the Potomac.
In the now Wilmington Delaware area, the Dutch first settled in 1631 who were all killed by Indians. In 1638 the Swedes resettled this place. The Dutch of New Amsterdam (New York) came down and conquered these 2nd group of Swedes in 1655. And, in 1664, the later was captured by the English.
New Jersey coastal area:
Tinicum Isle Pennsylvania was settled by the Swedes in 1643. They came up the Delaware River. The Dutch traded with them from around 1647. The Quakers arrived in 1682. The French and Indian war took place 1754-63 in Pennsylvania. The French came down by way of New York into the Iroqouis lands.
Castlemore-Costello besieged and demolished by the King of Connacht.
Hugh O Neill defeats the Fer Managh and Orial. O More defeats the English of Dublin in battle.
Battle of Lough Erne. English of Munster and Desmond soundly defeated by O Brian, possibly at Limerick.
Iroquois Confederacy origin date
Seneca, Arthur C. Parker, used Iroquoian recall of family lines and lifespans to estimate the founding date. Paul A. W. Wallace estimated the founding date at 1450. An Iroquois account of Cartier was among the Iroquois during the 33rd presiding chief Iroquois Confederacy. The Atotarho or presiding chief of the office held the appointment for his lifetime. However, The Atotarho could be impeached for violating the Great Law of Peace between the Confederacy of Senecas, Onondagas, Oneidas, Mohawks, and Cayugas . There are other Iroquois using the "presiding chief" method date the league's origin between 1000 and 1100. The Great Law allowed for membership regardless of race or national origin. It also allows dual citizenship. Several emissaries from Colonial governments were given full citizenship in the confederacy. William Johnson and Conrad Weiser took part in the deliberations of the Grand Council at Onondaga, for example.
The Iroquois as Richard Pilant on Iroquoian studies at McMaster University April 6, 1960 commented: "Unlike the Mayas and Incas to the south, the Longhouse People developed a democratic system of government which can be maintained [to be] a prototype for the United States and the United Nations. Socially, the Six Nations met the sociologist's test of higher cultures by having given a preferred status to women."
The Man site proved to be a major Indian village occupied at Logan County, WVa. This highland area is the watershed to Island Creek that feeds into the Mud River.
Eastern Siouan, Yuchi and others of the Blue Ridge and Piedmont from the eastern Carolina and Virginia Unaka Mountain Valleys (becomes Chickamaga Cherokee) begin pushing the Shaawanaaki from western Kentucky and Tennessee River system. Tennessee was also Chicksaw nomad's region. These Chicksaw are noted coming through and camping at the Mouth of the Great Kanawha and the Kanawhan made certain not to be on the valley or river during these raiding hunting parties season. The Chickasaw continued up the Great Kanawha to pick up the eastern black buffalo trails that lead back down to the Ohio towards Kentucky lowlands, raiding party's return path to Tennessee.
Blarney Castle was built for the MacCarthy Chieftains of Munster on the 10th Century Viking controlled Celtic village.
Ardglass, Irish Naval battle.
Corca Bhaiscinn, Irish Naval battle.
Battle of Maigh Croghan in North Ireland
Irish and Portuguese fishermen are reported as fishing along the North Atlantic. These Inn drinking stories by the fishermen are entertainment except by the fish market merchants.
Talligewi, figured to be Hopewellian, established themselves as the traditions in southern rolling hills of the Carolinas. This was hundreds of years before the Cherokee recieved the Creek because of the progression of plantationing in the Carolinians and Georgia.
The name "America" is first used in a geography book referring to the New World with Amerigo Vespucci getting credit for the discovery of the continent.
Ponce de León of Spain lands in Florida.
Martin Luther launches the Protestant Reformation in Europe, bringing an end to the sole authority of the Catholic Church, resulting in the growth of numerous Protestant religious sects.
Hernando Cortés conquers the Aztec empire.
Ferdinand Magellan is the first person to sail around the world.
Giovanni da Verrazano, sponsored by France, lands in the area around the Carolinas, then sails north and discovers the Hudson River, and continues northward into Narragansett Bay and Nova Scotia.
Spainish explored through the Piedmomt Plateau in 1524. From Florida,
Hernando de Soto went into the Carolina mountains to head west, discovoring the Mississippi River. The French and Spainish were not interested in plantationing this area, they were looking for gold and riches.
In 1526 agroup of about 500 of Spanish Basque lead by Lucas Domingo settled Cape Fear. These folks eventually resettled on the slopes of the Carolina not so far from Pilot Mountain.
The Huron Tribe: The name of this tribe signifies "rough," derived from the French 'hure'. Huron, Iroquois speaking people of the St. Lawrence River, descovered by French explorer Jacques Cartier, 1534. They lived palisaded villages and maternal in descent. They were bitter enemies with the Iroquois League. Before the 17th century, the Seneca drove most westward to their relative Wendat, and others drifted around the Great Lakes or were forced to settle with their conquerors. see: Wendat
Carolina has an account of 500 Spainish Basque colonizing there moved to it's mountain's eastern slopes. They had a Cherokee connection and had a fine reputation of great saddle making that exploriers compared to the finest quality and rivals the European leather workers, according to "Old Farmers Almanac, 1996." It is thought that these brought the special milking goat to the Kanawha Cherokee, if not Norfolk Cork Privateers.
Hernando de Soto of Spain discovers the Mississippi River.
From the middle of the 16th century, 31 adults taller than normal Native American people lived at the palisaded village with the Susquehannock (Conestoga otherwise Mincquaas) on the South Branch of the Potomac River in Hampshire County, West Virginia. When discovered in recent decades, there were 13 relatively intact burials at this West Virginia Susquehannock village. This has scholars guessing for an explanation.
Sebastian Cabot is made life governor of the Merchants of the "Merchant Adventurers" of London
Elizabeth I was crowned Queen of England
Spaniards settled In Alabama in 1559, there they found hidden in a cave a number of ancient eggshell-shaped boats called "coracles" which are used today by the Welsh to fish small streams. Catlin reported that the Mandans used such boats while he was their guest and that the vocabulary associated with them was almost identical with Welsh, writing the sylables, which he didn't know at the time. The Mandans would commonly call upon the "Great Spirit of the Race" (Madoc Maho Paneta am byd), which in Welsh would be "Madoc Mawr Penarthur am byth" (Madoc, the Great Spirit forever).
England was something of a latecomer to the race for the New World. By the time the English began to send out voyages of exploration, Spain was already entered into what is now Florida and Mexico. English privateers had been sailing to the North American coast since 1562, slave-trading and preying on Spanish shipping loaded with royal loot from Mexico.
1st Early Modern Era in Ireland: Battle of Affane - Fitzgeralds of Desmond defeated by Butlers of Ormonde
The first permanent European colony in North America is founded at St. Augustine
(Florida) by the Spanish.
Guacata. An inland Calusa village on L. "Mayaimi" or Okechobee, south Florida, about 1570. Elsewhere in his memoir Fontaneda refers to it as a distinct but subordinate tribe.
Spainish Priests and monks from Saint Augustine (Florida) set up a mission on the York River near the mouth of the Chesapeake Bay. Spainish explorier had ordered the Monks to support his Virginia efforts having discovered, among the curiousities oil springs, valued copper outcrops, iron ore and coal for forging which was located towards the western mountains.
Spainish Monks and Priests at the new mission on the York River were massacred. Historians attribute it to either the Powhatan Confederacy or Cork Merchants and Pilots who were known to fish and trade at Norfolk Anchorage as Privateer raiders on Spainish Maine. According to a Britannica article, Virginia Christian Indians came to the aid of Jamestown who were under a Powhatan II siege in 1609. These Virginia Christian Indians could also be responsible, for there are accounts of them having a very close connection with Cork Irish before they became Ralaigh's merchants. The desendants of the Coree claim that their ancestors spoke from books before the Ralaigh Era, for example. So, it remains unclear as to whom removed the short lived Spainish presence at Chesapeake Bay.
Saint John's Newfoundland was first colonized by the English in 1583.
Canada came under permanent British control 1762. Sir Walter Ralaigh, for a number of years in the late 1500s, tried to colonize in several locations along the Middle Atlantic. It is reported that the perminent colony efforts failed. However, his Irish employees maintained a very lucrative Indian Trade in the Virginias at Norfolk Anchorage, an early outpost of layover by the 1500s Privateers. Spainish reports they were looking to distroy these colonies.
Queen Elizabeth I issued a charter to Sir Walter Raleigh to establish a colony on Roanoke Island
The 1584 expedition, led by Captains Phillip Amadas and Arthur Barlowe, chose the Outer Banks of modern North Carolina as an ideal location and made contact with the natives.
1585 - Sir Walter Raleigh's people founded an English settlement in North America in August 1585 but they returned to England the following year.
The fleet consisted of the 160 ton flagship Tiger, captained by Sir Richard Grenville; 100-ton Lion; 50-ton Elizabeth; 140-ton Roebuck; 50-ton Dorothy; and two pinnaces to act as guides for the larger ships. On the first part of their trip the fleet ran into a storm which scattered the vessels and sunk one of the pinnaces. Eventually six ships arrived in the Outer Banks and Fort Raleigh was established on Roanoke Island. In September the last of the ships left for England, leaving behind 106 men led by Ralph Lane to man the fort through the winter.
Ralph Lane was expecting relief vessels to arrive in the spring of 1586. It wasn't until June that the settlers saw English ships, when Sir Francis Drake arrived to see how the colony was faring. He was returning to England after raiding Spanish colonies and ships in the New World. While Drake was at the colony a hurricane swept by and caused considerable damage. Drake offered to take the colonists back to England and they did not hesitate to go with him. As Drake and the colonists were sailing for England, the promised relief vessels arrived to find the colony abandoned. They too returned home to England, leaving behind just a handful of settlers.
White's map (Hariot, Narr., Quaritch repr., 1893), drawn in 1585, locates the Chesapeake Tribe as Ehesepiooc on the Linnhaven River, in Princess Anne county. Captain Smith reported them seated at the mouth of the Elizabeth River, lower Chesapeake Bay's mouth below Norfolk. This was in 1607 he saw them at the main village of about 100 warriors and about 350 inhabitants there. By 1669 they were no longer a distinct people of the Little Creek and Virginia Beach area. The name is Algonquian: K'che-sepiack called this by the Powhatan dialect.
1587 - Ralaigh became the British Captain of the Guards and formed the Queen's protectorate Irish Gaurd.
1587 - The first English child, Virginia Dare, is born in Roanoke Colony, August 18. The third of John White settlement was to go to Norfolk Anchorage village if they had troubles. Some 50 years later the Croatan people were found to be practicing Christianity and having many of the last names of the Roanoke settlers. The Norfolk Anchorage village was not considered a settlement by those contemporaries, but was more Pacific Island like anchorage on the North Atlantic. These were the second group of colonists organized by Raleigh landed on the island in July 1587 but vanished sometime before 1591.
1588
England's Sir Francis Drake eluded the Spanish Armada by sailing upriver Owenabue River at Crosshaven, mouth of Cork Harbour.
1588 - In Europe, the defeat of the Spanish Armada by the English results in Great Britain replacing Spain as the dominant world power and leads to a gradual decline of Spanish influence in the New World and the widening of English imperial interests.
1591 - Roanoke Colony reinforcements arrive and it found to be gone. The Lost Colony was the second group of colonists organized by Raleigh who landed on the island in July 1587 but vanished sometime before 1591.
1595-1601 - Nine Years War (in Ireland) with the last Old Order Irish element Battle at Kinsale, 1601 a few miles west of Cork Harbour. Modern Historian do not mention the Cork Sea Knights as Chief Historian McLysaght the Dublin Herald in the 20th century reports. That government office has been temporarily closed since the late 1990s. His books can be purchased though. Bell and him vigerously debated the Irish clans and the Heraldry, both offials of the governments. These are the best and most reliable to source. They were privy to letters and documents still in private hold.
1600 - Spanish were still looking for the location of the English colony. They had eradicated a similar French colony near present-day Jacksonville earlier in the previous century. This is from a report by Augustine Florida Spainish commander to Spain's Crown.
[The destinies of Ireland, India, and Virginia were strangely going on together around the year 1600. The venture towards India being at first wholly commercial it was Irish affairs that influenced especially Virginia. If Britons could be settled among the wild Irish, then why not still further overseas, despite of Raleigh’s ill success? Talks to the Irish on the part of Queen Elizabeth’s agents sound wonderfully like Georgian talks to the Cherokees or the Creeks. And it is not to be overlooked that Sir Walter Raleigh is credited with the education of the Irish in the item of potatoes—and of the English in that of tobaccos... The East India Company knew what to expect—187% at the least. The Virginia Company had little notion of what to expect. They knew that there were fur-bearing animals in North America. But promotion in their case was to be from settlement if possible to a market created by the Company settler. So when Captain Newport wrote home in 1607 of his voyage up James River towards the Mountains Quirauke, the Directors must have been pleased at his report “we have excellent furrs, in some places of the country great store.” And whatever the worth of the assertion, it was significant that John Rolfe could relate of Virginia about 1616, that the Indians were then coming in to buy corn of the English, purchasing with skins or mortgaging their lands “they seek to sell their skins from their shoulders, which is their best garments, to buy corn; yea, some of their petty kings have this last year borrowed from us five hundred bushels of wheat, for payment whereof they have mortgaged their whole country.” Here were the difficult questions arisen of deed and deed of trust among a people holding the land by tribe as it pleased them and as they could. Sir Walter Raleigh, in the Tower must have read such reports with a certain interest. He had had leisure in the Tower to look into world history, and knew the philosophy thereof sufficiently well. His life about ending in 1616, he doubtless felt convinced that there was to be a new world of Virginia without fail now that the red indwellers were beginning to be in pawn. Author: Morrison, A. J.. Title: “The Virginia Indian Trade to 1673.”
Citation: William and Mary College Quarterly Historical Magazine series 2, 1 (October 1921): 217-36. ]
Apalatsi People
Apalatsi is the established Virginian record for the mountain chain of which West Virginia's Allegheny Plateau is a part. A report has the Creek language groups calling these as such to the Spainish as the region of Apalatsi. Early Virginia Governors continue to use this place name in reports.
1601
Desmond Castle Kinsale , Co Cork (Earl of Desmond c. AD 1500) Spanish occupation of Kinsale Anchorage.
1602
Across the estuary at Kensale County Cork is James Fort designed by Paul Ivy. A star-shaped fort and has five bastions with two seaward bastions was later built. These two forts were attacked by Williamite forces in 1690 after the 'Battle of the Boyne.'
1604 - Bible, the King James Version, was authorized at Hampton Court
1604 - In 1605, the French started a colony at Port Royal (modern-day Annapolis). After three years exploring the East Coast, the colonists returned to France. In 1610 a man named Poutrincourt reestablished a colony at Port Royal. In 1613, four French Jesuit priests founded a mission on the island of Mount Desert. Since the English had already established a colony at Jamestown, they felt the French were invading their territory. Captain Samuel Argall sailed from Virginia to these settlements and burned them. The French then left the Chesapeake Bay.
1606 - The two branches of the Virginia Company are formed, London Company and Plymouth Company
1611 - Joseph Le Caron, on of four origina Missionary arrives in Canadien.
One of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada and first missionary to the Hurons, b. near Paris in 1586; d. in France, 29 March, 1632. He embraced the ecclesiastical state and was chaplain to the Duke of Orléans. When that prince died, Le Caron joined the Recollects and made his profession in 1611. On 24 April, 1615, he sailed from Honfleur, reached Canada on 25 May, and immediately wont to Sault St. Louis. After a short time he travelled to Quebec, provided himself with a portable altar service, returned to the Sault, and went into the land of the Hurons, being the first to visit their settlements and preach the Gospel. He stayed with them about a year, and was again among them in 1623. In 1616 he returned to France to look after the spiritual and material interests of the colony. The following spring saw him in Canada again, as provincial commissary. During the winters of 1618 and 1622 he evangelized the Montagnais of Tadousac. In 1625 he was once more in France, returned to Canada a year later, was elected superior of his order at Quebec, and filled this office until the capture of Quebec by the English in 1629, when he and his colleagues were sent back to France by the conquerors. Le Caron was a saintly man, given to the practice of austerities, but gentle towards others. He died of the plague in the convent of Ste-Marguerite in France. We owe to him the first dictionary of the Huron language. The "Bibliotheca Universa Franciscana" of Jean de S. Antoine, II (Madrid, 1732), 243, says on the evidence of Arturus in his "Martyrologium Franciscanum" under date of 31 August, that Le Caron wrote also "Qu?rimonia Nov? Franci?" (Complaint of New France). Publication information Written by Odoric M. Jouve. Transcribed by Mario Anello. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume IX. Published 1910. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, October 1, 1910. Remy Lafort, Censor. Imprimatur. +John M. Farley, Archbishop of New York Bibliography Histoire chronol. de la province de St-Denis (Bibl. Nat., Paris); Mortuologe des Récollets de la province de St-Denis (late seveenteenth-century MS., in the archives of Quebec seminary); CHAMPLAIN (Euvres, ed. LAVARDI?RE (6 vols., Quebec, 1870); SAGARD, Histoire du Canada, ed. TROSS (4 vols.. Paris, 1866); LECLERCQ, Premier Etablissment de la Foi dans la Nouvelle France (2 vols., Paris, 1691).
1613 - - A Dutch trading post is set up on lower Manhattan island. IN the small trading stations which the Dutch established at Fort Orange and on Manhattan Island it would be useless to look for political conditions. The houses were purely commercial stations occupied during the summer’s trading season and deserted in the winter. It was only by an accident to their vessel that a few sailors were compelled to stay on Manhattan Island during the winter of 1613-1614, but from that time the country was never entirely deserted. The company of traders who received a charter under the name of the New Netherland Company obtained exclusive commercial privileges, but no governmental powers. Quite different, however, was the charter of 1621 to the West India Company. This elaborate patent granted political as well as commercial privileges, and had in view the permanent settlement of the country. "American Historical Review 6" (October 1900): 1-18.
1613 - - The Mohawk begin a formal contact with Dutch, introduced firearms of whose aid they gave. They were also pro-British with the exception of the Catholic converts of Quebec who were pro-French.
1614 - - Squanto, a Wampanoag, one of several Indians kidnapped from their native land and exibited in England.
American Indians contributed many foods to almost half the world's domesticated crops, including the staples -- corn and white potatoes -- were first cultivated by American Indians. Aside from turkey, corn, and white potatoes, Indians also contributed manoic, sweet potatoes, squash, peanuts, peppers, pumpkins, tomatoes, pineapples, the avocado, cacao (chocolate), chicle (a constituent of chewing gum), several varieties of beans, and at least seventy other domesticated food plants. Almost all the cotton grown in the United States was derived from varieties originally cultivated by Indians. Rubber, too, was contributed by native Americans.
1622 - Théodat-Gabriel Sagard begins baptize Huron in greater numbers.
Recollect lay brother, missionary, and historian, b. in France at the end of the sixteenth century; d. towards the close of the seventeenth. In 1623, with Nicolas Viel, the future martyr, he was sent to Canada on the Huron mission. Anne of Austria, the consort of Louis XIII, had provided them with a portable altar and vestments. On his way to the Hurons, he acquired from Joseph Le Caron, his superior, the first rudiments of their difficult tongue, so that on reaching his post he began to catechize and baptize the Indians. He shared in the incredible hardships of his companions. The provision of mass wine having been exhausted, they had recourse to the juice of the wild grape (Vitis Canadensis). In one year's residence he won the affection of his neophytes and acquired a certain ascendency over them. When appointed, in the spring of 1624, to descend to Quebec for provisions, he was allowed by the Indians to depart on the express condition that he would return. A letter of his superior, ordering him back to France, thwarted his most ardent desire. He presented a memoir concerning the state of religion to the Duc de Montmorency, Viceroy of New France, inveighing against the agents of the trading companies whose evil influence paralyzed the zeal of the missionaries. He convinced his superiors of the necessity of introducing a more powerful and influential religious order to cope with the difficult situation. The Jesuits having been suggested, the choice of them was ratified by Cardinal Richelieu in 1625. In 1686, Sagard published a history of Canada under the title: "Histoire du Canada et voyages que les Freres Mineurs Recollets ont faits pour la conversion des infideles". It is a clear and simple account of all he saw or heard mentioned in this new land. Charlevoix criticises his Huron vocabulary as inaccurate compared with later studies of the language, but gives him credit for his good judgment and zeal for the conversion of souls and the progress of the colony. Publication information Written by Lionel Lindsay. Transcribed by Joseph E. O'Connor. The Catholic Encyclopedia, Volume XIII. Published 1912. New York: Robert Appleton Company. Nihil Obstat, February 1, 1912. Remy Lafort, D.D., Censor. Imprimatur. +John Cardinal Farley, Archbishop of New York Bibliography CHARLEVOIX, Histoire de la Nouvelle-France (Paris, 1744); SIXTE LE TAC, Histoire chronologique de la Nouvelle-France (Paris, 1888); BEAUBIEN, Le Sault-au-Recollet (Montreal, 1898); GOSSELIN, La mission du Canada avant Mgr de Laval (Evreux, 1909).
1646 - - the Burgesses on October's session acknowledged that the 4 interrior forts were necessary, but the cost of six thousand pounds of tobacco annually cost too much. They gave 4 prominent individuals the private duties to keep 10 troops per each fort with an award for compensation they would receive land and privileges. Capt. Abraham Wood recieved Forte Henery and was "granted sixe hundred acres of land for him and his heires for ever; with all houses and edifices." It would become "Petersburg" in 1748. Another one would become the city of Richmond. The Byrds were awarded this fort. Cadwallader Jones on the tide head of the Rappahannock had a trade with the Indians 400 miles to the south-southwest. He wrote to Maryland for permission to use shell money for trade money.
1651 -- Seneca Conquest The Seneca held the western frontier or "door" of the confederacy, their original territory lying between Seneca Lake and Genesee River, with four principal villages. By conquest and absorption of the Neutrals in 1651 and the Erie in 1656 they acquired possession of the country westward to Niagara River and Lake Erie and correspondingly increased their own strength. In 1656 one of their four towns was made up entirely of captives. More than a century later they had some thirty villages, including several on the upper Allegany.
1681 - "Dogs were the only animal domesticated by Native Americans before the horse, but the Bayougoula in 1699 kept small flocks of turkeys. The tribes of the lower Mississippi were also unique in that tribal territories were well defined. Decorated with fish heads and bear bones, a large red post near the mouth of the Red River marked the boundary between the Bayougoula and the Houma just to the north. Translated into French, the location of this "Red Post" became known as Baton Rouge, the present-day capital of Louisiana. Cit. 1st Nation's Compact Histories." Local Commerce History... That's not quite true, a tribe on the Mississippi Valley is recorded as keeping turkeys. Now, I gotta find the citation, again.
