Template:Convert

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This template employs intricate features of template syntax.
You are encouraged to familiarise yourself with its setup and parser functions before editing the template. If your edit causes unexpected problems, please undo it quickly, as this template may appear on a large number of pages.
Remember that you can conduct experiments, and should test all improvements, in either the local /sandbox or your user space before changing anything here.
[edit] Template documentation
This documentation is transcluded from Template:Convert/doc. (edit | history)
This template has a sandbox (edit) for editors to experiment.

Note

{{Convert}} no longer accepts kt as code for the knot. The code kt will be reassigned for the kilotonne. Please use kn instead. Please refer to {{convert}}'s talk page for the reasoning behind this. Sorry for any inconvenience.

Purpose

To show measurement quantities as primary and converted secondary units, with optional abbreviation or slash, such as distance "32 metres (100 ft)" or temperature "18 °C (64 °F)" or "18 °C/64 °F" with optional US spellings or hyphenation.

Usage

{{convert|original_value|original_unit|conversion_unit|round_to|...}}
Notes
  • Numbers must be entered in unformatted form (without commas). For negative numbers (i.e. temperatures or precision) use a hyphen as the minus sign for the input number. Values output by the template will be displayed formatted and with a true minus sign where appropriate.
  • Optional parameters, in examples below, allow abbreviated units (abbr=on), or US spellings (sp=us for meter), or slash separation (disp=s), or hyphenation (adj=on), etc.
  • For this template many levels of substitution are possible, hence doing this fully, step by step, is cumbersome, use Special:ExpandTemplates instead.
  • The template has no in-built capacity for dimensional analysis. It is therefore up to the user to ensure that the input and output units are compatible. Do not, for example, attempt to convert barrels to tonnes (but see {{bbl to t}}). Also beware of units with similar names; the code oz, for example, is for the avoirdupois ounce (a unit of mass), do not use this if you want fluid ounces.

Examples

Input Displays as
{{convert|3.21|kg|lb}} 3.21 kilograms (7.1 lb)
{{convert|3.21|kg|lb|0}} 3.21 kilograms (7 lb)
{{convert|0|kg|lb}} 0 kilograms (0 lb)
{{convert|6|ft|5|in|m}} 6 feet 5 inches (2.0 m)
{{convert|18|°C|°F|sigfig=2}} 18 °C (60 °F)
{{convert|1250|sqft|m2|lk=on}} 1,250 square feet (116 m²)
{{convert|20.5|sqkm|sqmi|1|lk=on|abbr=on}} 20.5 km² (7.9 sq mi)
{{convert|641|acre|sqmi sqkm|3|lk=on|abbr=on}} 641 acres (1.002 sq mi/2.594 km²)
{{convert|641|acre|sqmi sqkm|2|lk=on|abbr=on}} 641 acres (1.00 sq mi/2.59 km²) because 640 acres equals one square mile; 641 acres rounded to two decimal places would equal 1.00 sq mi.

Tricks

In order to...
Use US spelling attach |sp=us
Make units wikilinked attach |lk=on to link all units
attach |lk=in to link only the input units
attach |lk=out to link only the output units
(The manual of style suggests that you only link the first instance).
Use the adjective form attach |adj=on (e.g. "The 190-foot (58 m) bridge" as opposed to "The 190 feet..."). This produces the adjective form—the unit name in the singular with a hyphen (according to the Manual of Style).
Abbreviate all units attach |abbr=on
Use a / instead of ( ) attach |disp=s (or |disp=/) (e.g. 190 foot/58 metre). Note that when using slashes all unit names either spelt out in full or abbreviated (where there exists an abbreviation).
Use in a table attach |disp=table Note: For use in tables the template must start on a new line after a pipe. Only the number will be displayed unless you set |abbr=on, |lk=on, |lk=in or |lk=out. Example: here
Round to a specified number of significant figures attach |sigfig={some non-negative integer}. In the case of temperatures Celsius or Fahrenheit this refers to the difference with the absolute-zero temperature. For example, at room temperature two significant digits means rounded to tens of degrees.
Let Convert decide the unit to convert to skip the convert to parameter (which would otherwise be third unnamed parameter) e.g. {{convert|100|mi|0}} gives 100 miles (161 km).

Rounding

Convert supports four types of rounding.

Rounding to a given precision
Specify the desired precision with the fourth unnamed parameter or third unnamed parameter in the case where the convert to parameter is skipped (see above). The conversion is rounded off to the nearest power of 1/10 this number. For instance, if the result is 8621 and the round number is '-2', the result will be 8600. If the result is '234.0283043' and the round number is '0', the result will be 234.
Rounding to a given number of significant figures
Specify the desired number of significant figures using |sigfig={some non-negative integer} as noted above.
Combine both of the above
If both the desired precision and the desired number of significant figures are specified, the conversion will be rounded to the least precise of these.
Default rounding
If neither the desired precision nor the desired number of significant figures are specified, the conversion will be rounded either to a comparable precision as the input value (the number of decimals remains the same if the conversion is a multiplication by a number between 0.2 and 2, is decreased by 1 if the factor is between 2 and 20, etc.) or to two significant figures whichever is the most precise. An exception to this is temperature wherein the conversion will be rounded either to precision comparable to that of the input value or to that which would give three significant figures when expressed in kelvin, whichever is the most precise.

Units supported by {{Convert}}

The table below lists units supported by this template. It is divided up according to the quantity being measured. Not all supported units are listed here, there are links to complete lists for each quantity.

The codes listed in the code column (column 3) are accepted as input by the template. These can be used as the second or third unnamed parameter. For some units there exist alternative codes. These are listed in brackets and have been incorporated to make the code more flexible for editors, e.g. °F or F may be entered.

The codes listed in the combinations column (column 7) can be used to produce multiple conversions. They can only be used as the third unnamed parameter, e.g. {{convert|55|nmi|km mi}} produces 55 nautical miles (102 km/63 mi).

Without box: Template:Convert/list of units.

Abridged list of units supported by {{Convert}}
Explanation
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor combinations
the system(s) to which the unit belongs units listed by name codes that can be entered when using the template abbreviations as displayed by the template notes which may pertain to the units in general or specifically to their use in this template conversion factors used by the template to convert to and from the SI base unit codes for multiple conversions


Length
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/m combinations
SI megametre Mm Mm US spelling: megameter
 1,000,000
kilometre km km US spelling: kilometer
 1,000
  • km mi
metre m m US spelling: meter
 1
  • m ft
  • m ftin
centimetre cm cm US spelling: centimeter
 0.01
  • cm in
millimetre mm mm US spelling: millimeter
 0.001
  • mm in
micrometre μm (um) µm US spelling: micrometer
 0.000001
nanometre nm nm US spelling: nanometer
 0.000000001
non-SI metric ångström Å
(angstrom)		 Å 0.0000000001
Imperial
&
US customary		 mile mi mi 1,609.344
  • mi km
furlong furlong 201.168
chain chain 20.1168
rod rd rd For other names of this unit see the full list. 5.0292
fathom fathom assumes 1 fathom ≡ 6 ft 1.8288
yard yd yd assumes the international definition 0.9144
foot ft (foot) ft The foot code will produce foot as the plural form. 0.3048
  • ft m (foot m)
inch in in 0.0254
  • in cm
  • in mm
Other nautical mile nmi nmi the international standard nautical mile
For other nautical miles see the full list.		 1,852
parsec pc pc 3.0856775813057×1016
light-year ly ly 9.4607304725808×1015
astronomical unit AU AU 149,597,870,691


Area
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/m² combinations
SI square kilometre km2 km² US spelling: square kilometer
 1,000,000
  • km2 sqmi
square metre m2 m² US spelling: square meter
 1
  • m2 sqft
square centimetre cm2 cm² US spelling: square centimeter
 0.0001
  • cm2 sqin
square millimetre mm2 mm² US spelling: square millimeter
 0.000001
  • mm2 sqin
non-SI metric hectare ha ha 10,000
Imperial
&
US customary		 square mile sqmi sq mi 2,589,988.110336
  • sqmi km2
acre acre 4,046.856422
square yard sqyd sq yd 0.83612736
square foot sqft
(sqfoot)		 sq ft The sqfoot code will produce square foot as the plural form. 0.09290304
  • sqft m2 (sqfoot m2)
square inch sqin sq in 0.00064516
  • sqin cm2
Other square nautical mile sqnmi sq nmi 3,429,904
dunam dunam For alternative spellings and definitions see the full list 1,000
tsubo tsubo 坪 (400/121)


Volume
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/m³ combinations
SI cubic metre m3 m³ US spelling: cubic meter
one kilolitre		 1
cubic centimetre cm3 cm³ US spelling: cubic centimeter
one millilitre		 0.000001
cc cc
cubic millimetre mm3 mm³ US spelling: cubic millimeter
 0.000000001
non-SI metric kilolitre kl kl US spelling: kiloliter
one cubic metre		 1
kL kL
litre l l US spelling: liter
one cubic decimetre
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 0.001
  • l impgal
  • l USgal
  • l U.S.gal
  • l USdrygal
  • l U.S.drygal
L L
  • L impgal
  • L USgal
  • L U.S.gal
  • L USdrygal
  • L U.S.drygal
centilitre cl cl US spelling: centiliter
 0.00001
cL cL
millilitre ml ml US spelling: milliliter
one cubic centimetre		 0.000001
  • ml impoz
  • ml USoz
  • ml U.S.oz
mL mL
  • mL impoz
  • mL USoz
  • mL U.S.oz
Imperial
&
US customary		 cubic yard cuyd cu yd 0.764554857984
cubic foot cuft (cufoot) cu ft The cufoot code will produce cubic foot as the plural form. 0.028316846592
cubic inch cuin cu in 0.000016387064
Imperial barrel impbbl imp bbl 36 imp gal 0.16365924
bushel impbsh imp bsh 8 imp gal 0.03636872
impbu imp bu
gallon impgal imp gal 4.54609 litres by definition, also
4 imp qt or 8 imp pt or 160 imp fl oz
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 0.00454609
  • impgal l
  • impgal L
  • impgal USgal
  • impgal U.S.gal
  • impgal USdrygal
  • impgal U.S.drygal
quart impqt imp qt 1/4 imp gal or 40 imp fl oz 0.0011365225
pint imppt imp pt 1/8 imp gal or 20 imp fl oz 0.00056826125
fluid ounce impoz (impfloz) imp fl oz 1/160 imp gal 0.0000284130625
  • impoz USoz
  • impoz U.S.oz
  • impoz ml
  • impoz mL
US customary
liquid measure		 barrel USbbl US bbl 31½ US gal
used for liquids except for oil and beer (see the full list)		 0.119240471196
U.S.bbl U.S. bbl
barrel oilbbl bbl 42 US gal 0.158987294928
beer barrel USbeerbbl
(usbeerbbl)		 US bbl 0.117347765304
U.S.beerbbl
(usbeerbbl)		 U.S. bbl
gallon USgal US gal 231 cubic inches by definition, also
4 US qt or 8 US pt or 128 US fl oz
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 0.003785411784
  • USgal l
  • USgal L
  • USgal impgal
U.S.gal U.S. gal
  • USgal l
  • USgal L
  • USgal impgal
quart USqt US qt 1/4 US gal or 32 US fl oz 0.000946352946
U.S.qt U.S. qt
pint USpt US pt 1/8 US gal or 16 US fl oz 0.000473176473
U.S.pt U.S. pt
fluid ounce USoz
(USfloz)		 US fl oz 1/128 US gal 0.0000295735295625
  • USoz ml
  • USoz mL
  • USoz impoz
U.S.oz
(U.S.floz)		 U.S. fl oz
  • U.S.oz ml
  • U.S.oz mL
  • U.S.oz impoz
US customary
dry measure		 barrel USdrybbl US bbl 105/32 US bsh 0.11562819898508
U.S.drybbl U.S. bbl
bushel USbsh US bsh 2150.42 cubic inches by definition 0.03523907016688
USbu U.S. bu
U.S.bsh U.S. bsh
U.S.bu U.S. bu
dry gallon USdrygal US dry gal 1/8 US bsh
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 0.00440488377086
  • USdrygal l
  • USdrygal L
  • USdrygal impgal
U.S.drygal U.S. dry gal
  • U.S.drygal l
  • U.S.drygal L
  • U.S.drygal impgal
dry quart USdryqt US dry qt 1/32 US bsh 0.001101220942715
U.S.dryqt U.S. dry qt
dry pint USdrypt US dry pt 1/32 US bsh 0.0005506104713575
U.S.drypt U.S. dry pt


Speed
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/(m/s) combinations
SI metre per second m/s m/s US spelling: meter per second
 1
  • m/s ft/s (m/s foot/s)
non-SI metric kilometre per hour km/h km/h US spelling: kilometer per hour
 (5/18)
  • km/h mph
Imperial
&
US customary		 mile per hour mph mph 0.44704
  • mph km/h
foot per second ft/s (foot/s) ft/s The foot/s code will produce foot per second as the plural form. 0.3048
  • ft/s m/s
Maritime units knot kn (knot) kn (4.63/9)


Force
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/N combinations
SI giganewton GN GN Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 1,000,000,000
  • GN LT-f
  • GN LTf
  • GN L/T-f
  • GN L/Tf
  • GN ST-f
  • GN STf
  • GN S/T-f
  • GN S/Tf
meganewton MN MN Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 1,000,000
  • MN LT-f
  • MN LTf
  • MN L/T-f
  • MN L/Tf
  • MN ST-f
  • MN STf
  • MN S/T-f
  • MN S/Tf
kilonewton kN kN Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 1,000
  • kN LT-f
  • kN LTf
  • kN L/T-f
  • kN L/Tf
  • kN ST-f
  • kN STf
  • kN S/T-f
  • kN S/Tf
newton N N 1
  • N lb-f
  • N lbf
  • N oz-f
  • N ozf
millinewton mN mN 0.001
  • mN oz-f
  • mN ozf
  • mN gr-f
  • mN grf
micronewton μN (uN) µN 0.000001
  • μN gr-f
  • μN grf
nanonewton nN nN 0.000000001
  • nN gr-f
  • nN grf
cgs megadyne Mdyn Mdyn 10
kilodyne kdyn kdyn 0.01
dyne dyn
(dyne)		 dyn 0.00001
millidyne mdyn mdyn 0.00000001
Metric gravitational units tonne-force t-f tf 9,806.65
tf tf
kilogram-force kg-f kgf 9.80665
kgf kgf
gram-force g-f gf 0.00980665
gf gf
milligram-force mg-f mgf 0.00000980665
mgf mgf
Avoirdupois-based units poundal pdl pdl 0.138254954376
long ton-force LT-f LTf 9,964.01641818352
  • LT-f ST-f
LTf LTf
  • LTf STf
L/T-f L/Tf
  • L/T-f S/T-f
L/Tf L/Tf
  • L/Tf S/Tf
short ton-force ST-f STf 8,896.443230521
  • ST-f LT-f
STf STf
  • STf LTf
S/T-f S/Tf
  • S/T-f L/T-f
S/Tf S/Tf
  • S/Tf L/Tf
pound-force lb-f lbf 4.4482216152605
lbf lbf
ounce-force oz-f ozf 0.2780138203095378125
ozf ozf
grain-force gr-f grf 0.0006354602307515
grf grf


Energy
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/J combinations
SI gigajoule GJ GJ 1,000,000,000
megajoule MJ MJ 1,000,000
kilojoule kJ kJ 1,000
hectojoule hJ hJ 100
decajoule daJ daJ 10
joule J J 1
decijoule dJ dJ 0.1
centijoule cJ cJ 0.01
millijoule mJ mJ 0.001
microjoule μJ (uJ) µJ 0.000001
nanojoule nJ nJ 0.000000001
cgs megaerg Merg Merg 0.1
kiloerg kerg kerg 0.0001
erg erg erg 0.0000001
Watt-hour multiples terawatt-hour TWh TWh 3.6×1015
TW.h TW·h
gigawatt-hour GWh GWh 3.6×1012
GW.h GW·h
megawatt-hour MWh MWh 3,600,000,000
MW.h MW·h
kilowatt-hour kWh kWh 3,600,000
kW.h kW·h
watt-hour Wh Wh 3,600
W.h W·h
Electronvolt multiples gigaelectronvolt GeV GeV 0.0000000001602176487
megaelectronvolt MeV MeV 1.6021764870×10−13
kiloelectronvolt keV keV 1.6021764870×10−16
electronvolt eV eV 1.6021764870×10−19
millielectronvolt meV meV 1.6021764870000×10−22
Calorie multiples Calorie Cal Cal The thermochemical calorie is the default definition. For other definitions see the full list. 4,184
megacalorie Mcal Mcal 4,184,000
kilocalorie kcal kcal 4,184
calorie cal cal 4.184
millicalorie mcal mcal 0.004184
pound/ounce-foot/
inch-hour-minute-second		 foot-poundal ftpdl ft·pdl 0.0421401100938048
foot-pound force ftlbf ft·lbf 1.3558179483314004
ftlb-f ft·lbf
inch-pound force inlbf in·lbf 0.1129848290276167
inlb-f in·lbf
inch-ounce force inozf in·ozf 0.00706155181422604375
inoz-f in·ozf
horsepower-hour hph hp·h 2,684,519.537696172792
British thermal unit multiples British thermal unit Btu Btu The International Steam Table British thermal unit is the default definition. For other definitions see the full list. 1,055.05585262
BTU BTU
thousand British thermal units MBtu MBtu 1,055,055.85262

Template:Convert/MBTU
million British thermal units MMBtu MMBtu 1,055,055,852.62

Template:Convert/MMBTU
TNT-based units gigatonne of TNT GtTNT 4.184×1018
gigaton of TNT GtonTNT
megatonne of TNT MtTNT 4.184×1015
megaton of TNT MtonTNT Mt
kilotonne of TNT ktTNT 4.184×1012
kiloton of TNT ktonTNT
tonne of TNT tTNT 4,184,000,000
ton of TNT tonTNT
Other Hartree Eh Eh 4.3597441700000×10−18
rydberg Ry Ry 2.1798741×10−18
tonne of oil equivalent toe toe 41,868,000,000
barrel of oil equivalent BOE BOE 6,117,863,200
cubic foot of natural gas cuftnaturalgas
(cufootnaturalgas)		 The cufootnaturalgas code will produce cubic foot of natural gas as the plural form. 1,055,055.85262
litre-atmosphere latm l·atm 101.325
Latm L·atm
gallon-atmosphere impgalatm imp gal·atm 460.63256925
gallon-atmosphere USgalatm
(usgalatm)		 US gal·atm 383.5568490138
U.S.galatm
(usgalatm)		 U.S. gal·atm


Temperature
(separate page; full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion
to kelvin		 combinations
SI kelvin K K Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. [K]
  • K °C (K C)
  • K °R (K R)
  • K °F (K F)
degree Celsius °C (C) °C ([°C]+273.15)
  • °C K (C K)
  • °C °R (C R)
  • °C °F (C F)
Imperial
&
US customary		 degree Rankine °R (R) °R ([°R]/1.8)
  • °R K (R K)
  • °R °C (R C)
  • °R °F (R F)
degree Fahrenheit °F (F) °F (([°F]+459.67)/1.8)
  • °F K (F K)
  • °F °C (F C)
  • °F °R (F R)
Mass
(Full list)
system unit code
(alternative)		 abbreviation notes conversion factor/kg combinations
SI kilogram kg kg Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 1
  • kg lb
  • kg st
gram g g 0.001
  • g oz
milligram mg mg 0.000001
  • mg gr
microgram μg (ug) µg 0.000000001
non-SI metric tonne t t Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 1,000
  • t LT
  • t ST
  • t L/T
  • t S/T
metric ton MT MT
  • MT LT
  • MT ST
M/T M/T
  • M/T L/T
  • M/T S/T
Avoirdupois long ton LT LT 2,240 lb
used mostly in the British Commonwealth
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 1,016.0469088
  • LT t
  • LT MT
  • LT ST
L/T L/T
  • L/T t
  • L/T M/T
  • L/T S/T
short ton ST ST 2,000 lb
used mostly in the US
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 907.18474
  • ST t
  • ST MT
  • ST LT
S/T S/T
  • S/T t
  • S/T M/T
  • S/T L/T
stone st st 14 lb
used mostly in the British Commonwealth except Canada
Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list.		 6.35029318
  • st kg
  • st lb
pound lb lb Triple combinations are also possible. See the full list. 0.45359237
  • lb kg
  • lb st
ounce oz oz 0.028349523
  • oz g
drachm drachm 0.001771845195
dram dram
grain gr gr equivalent to the troy grain 0.00006479891
Troy troy ounce ozt ozt 0.0311034768
other carat carat 0.0002


Pressure
unit code abbreviation conversion factor/Pa
megapascal MPa MPa 1,000,000 ‎
kilopascal kPa kPa 1,000 ‎
hectopascal hPa hPa 100 ‎
pascal Pa Pa 1 ‎
millipascal ‎mPa‎ mPa 0.001 ‎
millibar mbar mbar 100 ‎
mb mb ‎
decibar ‎dbar dbar 10,000 ‎
bar bar bar 100,000 ‎
kilobarye kBa kBa 100 ‎
barye ‎Ba Ba 0.1 ‎
standard atmosphere atm atm 101,325 ‎
torr Torr Torr (20,265/152) ‎
millimetre of mercury mmHg mmHg 133.322387415 ‎
inch of mercury inHg inHg 3,386.38864341 ‎
pound per square inch psi psi (444,822,161.52605/64,516) ‎
Torque
unit code notes
newton metre N·m (N.m) Use N·m or N.m to get the mid-dot.
Nm
Torque conversions can go to and from the following units.
  • foot-poundal
  • foot-pound force
  • inch-pound force
  • inch-ounce force

Codes, abbreviations and conversion factors (but to N·m in this case) are the same as with the corresponding energy units as listed above.
Fuel efficency
unit code
(alternative)		 notes combinations
kilometres per litre km/l (km/L) Use km/L to get "km/L"
  • km/l mpgimp
  • km/l mpgus
litres per 100 kilometres l/100 km (L/100 km) Use L/100 km to get "L/100 km"
  • l/100 km mpgimp
  • l/100 km mpgus
litres per kilometre l/km (L/km) Use L/km to get "L/km"
  • l/km impgal/mi
  • l/km usgal/mi
miles per imperial gallon mpgimp
  • mpgimp mpgus
miles per US gallon mpgus (mpgUS, mpgU.S.) Use mpgUS to get "US"

Use mpgU.S. to get "U.S."
mpgus will give "U.S." if spelling is
set to US & "US" otherwise
  • mpgus mpgimp
imperial gallons per mile impgal/mi
  • impgal/mi
US gallons per mile usgal/mi (USgal/mi, U.S.gal/mi) As above with the us vs US vs U.S.
  • usgal/mi
The mpgUS, mpgU.S., USgal/mi vs U.S.gal/mi, km/L, L/100 km and L/km variants work within combinations also (making 36 combinations in total).
Power
Watts, kilowatts, milliwatts, etc. are supported. As is horsepower (English & metric). Use standard abbreviations as input code (lower case hp for horsepower, for example)
Population density
unit code
(alternative)		 notes combinations
inhabitants per square kilometre PD/sqkm PD stands for population density, i.e. humans (inhabitants)
  • PD/sqkm PD/sqmi
per square kilometre /sqkm Used when the word 'inhabitants' would be inappropriate.
  • /sqkm /sqmi
inhabitants per hectare PD/ha
  • PD/ha PD/acre
per hectare /ha
  • /ha /acre
inhabitants per square mile PD/sqmi PD stands for population density, i.e. humans (inhabitants)
  • PD/sqmi PD/sqkm
per square mile /sqmi Used when the word 'inhabitants' would be inappropriate.
  • /sqmi /sqkm
inhabitants per acre PD/acre
  • PD/acre PD/ha
per acre /acre
  • /acre /ha

Example/monitor page

Monitor quality or look at examples at Template:Convert/check

See also

  • {{Inflation}} template for calculating inflated prices in USA, UK and other countries.