Constance Tipper

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Constance Fligg Elam Tipper
Born	February 6, 1894 New Barnet, Hertfordshire
Died	December 14, 1995 Penrith, Cumbria
Education	Newnham College, Cambridge
Occupation	Metallurgist
Spouse	George Tipper

Constance Fligg Elam Tipper (February 6, 1894 – December 14, 1995) was a British metallurgist and crystallographer.

Constance Tipper specialized in the investigation of metal strength and its effect on engineering problems. During the Second World War, she investigated the causes of brittle fracture in Liberty Ships. These ships were built in the United States between 1941 and 1945, and were the first all-welded pre-fabricated cargo ships.

Tipper established that the fractures were not caused by the welding but were caused by the steel itself. She demonstrated that there is a critical temperature below which the fracture mode in steel changes from ductile to brittle. Because ships in the North Atlantic were subjected to low temperatures, they were susceptible to brittle failure.

In 1949 Tipper was appointed Reader and became the only woman to be a full time member of the Faculty of Engineering of Cambridge University.

She was the first person to use a scanning electron microscope (SEM) to examine metallic fracture faces. She used a scanning electron microscope built by Charles Oatley and his team, the second SEM ever built.

She retired in 1960 and her 100th birthday in 1994 was celebrated by Newnham College with the planting of the Tipper Tree, a sweet chestnut.

[edit] Works

"The Production of Single Crystals of Aluminium and their Tensile Properties" (with H. C. H. Carpenter). Proceedings of the Royal Society of London(1921).
Deformation of Metal Crystals (1935).
The Brittle Fracture Story (1962).

[edit] References

Charles, Jim and Gerry Smith. "Constance Tipper: her life and work", Materials World (1996).
Hayes, Evelyn. "Dr. Constance Tipper: testing her mettle in a materials world", Advanced Materials & Processes (1998).
Cathcart, Brian. " No dinner, but a nice box of chocs", The New Statesman (2004). Retrieved on May 27, 2007.
Hetzel, Phyllis. Obituary, The Independent (1995). Retrieved on May 27, 2007.