Console wars

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"Console wars" is a term used to refer to periods of intense competition for market share between video game console manufacturers. The winners of these "wars" may be debated based on different standards: market penetration and financial success, or the fierce loyalty and numbers of the fans of the system's games. The term itself does not strictly denote a clear winner in each case, though. Console wars generally do not decide if a manufacturer continues in or abandons the industry.

Due to different manufacturers releasing consoles at different times, the wars described below are not exact definitions and do not necessarily have firm beginning and ending dates. Also, these wars had different years and combatants on different continents, since traditionally the 4 main markets—Europe, Japan, Australia and North America—have been treated as separate entities, with machines and games released at different times or even completely different games being released. This situation is not quite so apparent today; however, it is still there, particularly with regards to Japan vís-a-vís the other three markets.

In the mid-1980s, home computers from various manufacturers were used primarily for gaming purposes by consumers worldwide (in the absence of comparable consoles following the video game crash) and are included here as well.

In North America, the devotees of each system are referred to as fans or by linking to the platform name, as in PS2 owners. In the United Kingdom the term fanboy originated during the 1980s during console wars between many home computer systems, particularly the ZX Spectrum and Commodore 64. It should be noted, however, that the two terms have been used by people of the other countries. For example, the term fanboy is used quite often on US-based Video Game message boards. By any name, fanboys lock themselves into buying and using one console, one brand, or one company's line of console.

Contents

[edit] General concepts found in system wars

Although a "console war" can be thought of as a battle between competing console manufacturers, much of the controversy and notoriety is associated with the supporters of each console, who often pledge loyalty to a console even before its release and engage in intense arguments over the merits of their chosen console.

This phenomenon is unusual in the world of consumables; there are, for example, hardly any "stereo system wars", where people care about what kind of stereo system others purchase. The only explanation usually put forth as to why there are console wars amongst gamers is based on the idea that the more popular a console is, the more games will eventually be developed for it. This is the positive network effect and is the underlying reason for a related phenomenon, the computer operating system OS Wars.

What makes these "fan wars" even more fierce is that often, the major controversies and debates occur before any of the systems are even released, based on what historically have often been dubious specifications released by the manufacturers.

Psychologically, debates amongst fans in a console war can be seen to be a way of dispelling buyer's remorse. This is because game consoles are often a significant outlay for a youth, and often a gamer feels they can only afford to choose one. Realizing as more games are released that one has chosen incorrectly can be a major ego bruise.

[edit] Early console wars

In North America in the late 70s and early 80s (peaking between 1980 and 1984) an early sales battle between three companies which bears quite a resemblance to later console wars developed. The pyrrhic outcome and virtual bankruptcy of all the major combatants set the stage for Japanese dominance of video game console manufacturing by eliminating competition and discouraging American and European investment. When Nintendo brought console gaming back to North America in 1985, the discredited market segment held no American-based competition.

The Atari VCS was introduced in 1977 at a price point of US$199, after two years of research and $100 million in investment. Its name was changed to the Atari 2600 in 1982 when Atari introduced the "next generation" Atari 5200. By 1980, sales were doubling annually and three million homes had Atari consoles.

Seeing this success, toy company Mattel began work in 1978 on their own console, the Intellivision, which debuted in 1980 with a price tag of $299 and a pack-in game, Las Vegas Poker & Blackjack. The system was an immediate success. Though not the first system to challenge Atari (systems from Fairchild Semiconductor, Bally, and Magnavox were already on the market), it was the first to pose a serious threat to Atari's dominance. A series of Intellivision TV ads featuring George Plimpton mercilessly attacked the Atari VCS's lesser capabilities with side-by-side game comparisons. Nevertheless, Atari held exclusive rights to most of the popular arcade game conversions of the day, and used this key segment to support their older hardware in the market.

This game advantage and the difference in price between the machines meant that each year Atari sold more units than Intellivision, lengthening its lead despite inferior graphics. This need for price parity has influenced every console war in the quarter century since Atari and Intellivision faced off.

The ColecoVision was introduced by Coleco in 1982 and sold 500,000 units its first year, further dividing the marketplace. It was priced similarly to the Intellivision and had slightly greater technical power, and Coleco licensed several major coin-op games for its system as well.

This "first console war" ended with the video game crash of 1983, when huge oversupplies of games and competition from personal computers caused game prices to drop precipitously.

[edit] Personal computer wars

Although these wars are grouped under one category here, there were many different minor wars between personal computer brands that ran from the mid 80s until the mid 90s. All of the computers involved had many upgraded versions released over their lifetimes, which usually included increased RAM and improved CPUs, but rarely a reduction in size due to their integrated keyboards. These wars mainly took place in the United Kingdom, which during the late 80s was the centre of the world computer game industry, having been unaffected by the crash that took place in Japan and the US. This period is also renowned for being the time of the 'bedroom programmer', and many companies formed by such people have lasted until the current day.

[edit] ZX Spectrum vs. Commodore 64

In the UK, the Atari vs. Intellivision war never reached the major scope and impact that it did in North America. Instead, the Spectrum vs. Commodore wars of the mid 1980s were the true originator of the console wars. This was due to the start of single format computer game magazines and the far greater entry into mainstream youth culture of these computers than the previous consoles. The Commodore 64 was generally far more technically advanced than the Spectrum, but it usually sold for double the price of the Spectrum and thus did not gain much support from the bedroom programmers. One aspect of this period was a 'class war' of the low-priced Spectrum and Commodore owned by average working-class children against the far higher cost of the BBC Micro.

[edit] Amiga vs. Atari ST

The Amiga vs. Atari ST wars took place in the late 1980s. In Britain where ST was relatively stronger compared to other areas the war lasted well into the early 1990s. Eventually Amiga clearly outsold ST also in Britain. The Amiga had the better graphics and sound, and an in-built double-sided floppy disk drive. The ST was cheaper and had built-in MIDI ports. Many early games were developed for the ST and simply ported to the Amiga, using the same code and graphics but remaking the music and sound.

[edit] 8-bit era

Main article: History of video game consoles (third generation)

In what is known as the "8-bit era", the Nintendo Entertainment System (NES) came out on top in North America and Japan (where it was known as the Nintendo Famicom), partially due to its earlier release, but mostly because Nintendo banned developers from releasing their games on other systems if their games were released on the NES.[1] This put a damper on third party support for the Master System and the rest of Nintendo's competition. In Europe and Brazil, the Master System did much better than in any other territory.

Nintendo of Japan continued to repair Famicom systems until October 31, 2007, attributing the decision to discontinue support to an increasing shortage of the necessary parts.[2][3][4]

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. Nintendo Entertainment System: 61.9 million, as of March 31, 2006[5][6]
  2. Sega Master System: 13 million[7][8]

[edit] First handheld war

In the handheld wars, Nintendo's Game Boy came out well on top and far outlived the Sega Game Gear and Atari Lynx, becoming one of the most successful consoles of all time. The Game Boy's victory is generally attributed to its greater battery life, cheaper price tag, and wider third party support over the Sega Game Gear, despite the Game Gear's color screen. However, Nintendo continued to research into improving the screen and first released the Game Boy Pocket, with a true black-and-white screen. Later, Nintendo created the Game Boy Color, with near-total backwards compatibility.

The Game Boy had many ports of games from popular Nintendo franchises. It was also launched with the extraordinarily popular puzzle game Tetris as a pack-in.

Many other companies attempted to get in on the handheld market and they could also be added into this category. These included the Neo Geo Pocket and the WonderSwan (though the latter was in Japan only).

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. Nintendo Game Boy and Game Boy Color combined: 118.7 million, as of March 31, 2006[9][6] (Japan: 32.47 million, the Americas: 44.06 million, other: 42.16 million as of March 31, 2005)[10]
  2. Sega Game Gear: 11 million[11]

[edit] 16-bit era

Main article: History of video game consoles (fourth generation)

The "16-bit era" is mostly known for the rivalry between the Sega Mega Drive (known as the Sega Genesis in North America) and the Super Nintendo Entertainment System (SNES) (known as the Super Famicom in Japan). The Sega Mega Drive came out about two and a half years earlier than the SNES; however, its first few years were not very successful and it was not until the release of Sonic the Hedgehog that it started to sell well. The results of the war revealed that the Mega Drive was commercially successful in Europe just one million units behind the SNES,[citation needed] though it was never able to secure a good position in Japan.[citation needed]

Even though Sega saw success in the 16-bit console war, the 32X and Mega-CD add-ons for the Mega Drive signaled the beginning of the end with their attempts to usher in the new generation needlessly ahead of time, while they were performing well in the current one. This, combined with Sega dropping virtually all support for the Mega Drive and its add-ons in favour of the upcoming Saturn upset loyal fans, and resulted in the Saturn getting off on the wrong foot.

A knock on effect of Sega's early ending of the console war and releasing the Saturn was that the SNES eventually went on to sell more than the Mega Drive in North America.

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. Super Nintendo Entertainment System/Super Famicom: 49.1 million (US: 20 million), as of March 31, 2006[12][6][13]
  2. Sega Mega Drive/Genesis: 29 million[14]
  3. TurboGrafx-16: 10 million (US: 2.5 million)[15]

[edit] 32/64-bit era

Main article: History of video game consoles (fifth generation)

In the "32-bit era," the Sega Saturn was released first, but suffered from limited third-party support. Sega's decision to use dual processors has been roundly criticized, and some believe the second CPU was added as a knee-jerk reaction to the PlayStation's specifications. It has been said that only Sega's first-party developers were ever able to utilize the second CPU effectively. The Sega Saturn was the more difficult console to program for with some titles being dropped during the development process (STI's Sonic X-treme for example), and therefore the 3-D graphics on its third party games often lacked the luster of the PlayStation or Nintendo 64 (N64), a severe disadvantage at the dawn of 3-D games on home consoles.

Sega was also hurt by the plan to have a surprise four month early US launch of their console [1]. This head start failed for several reasons. One of the major reasons being there were few software titles ready. The Sega Saturn was also US$100 more expensive than the PlayStation at its launch, and only available at four retailers.

Sony took an early advantage by initiating an expensive ad campaign and appealing to an older demographic who had grown up playing video games. The PlayStation was positioned as a necessity alongside the TV and VCR. The securing of this demographic is widely credited as the key to the system's success. Sega and particularly Nintendo's offerings were characterized as appealing more to children (both companies, for instance, featured mascots that appeared in Saturday morning cartoons). With Sony's greater hardware sales came greater third party support; ultimately the PlayStation won the era virtually unopposed. Sony carried this momentum over into the release of the PlayStation 2. The Saturn was discontinued in 1998, as Sega again tried to gain a head start over Sony with the Sega Dreamcast.

Although this era is known as the "32-bit era," also loosely grouped into this period is a secondary war between the PlayStation and the 64-bit Nintendo 64 which was released later than the other two consoles with which it was originally meant to compete directly. By the time of its release, Sony had already established their dominance and the Saturn was clearly nearing the end of its life. Its use of cartridge media rather than compact discs alienated developers and publishers due to the space limits and the relatively high cost involved (compare US$3.50 for an N64 cartridge to 35¢ for a PS1 disc), though the Nintendo 64 had much faster load times because of its cartridge media. In addition, the initially high suggested retail price of the console may have driven potential customers away, and many early adopters of the system who had paid the initial cost were angered by Nintendo's decision to reduce the cost of the system within a few months of its initial release, although compensation was available to those who had claimed. Still, Nintendo managed to carve out a profitable niche in this era selling over 30 million consoles.

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. PlayStation: 102.49 million shipped, as of March 31, 2005 (Japan: 21.59, US: 40.78, Europe: 40.12)[16]
    including PS one: 28.15 million shipped, as of March 31, 2005[16]
  2. Nintendo 64: 32.9 million, as of March 31, 2006[17][6] (Japan: 5.54, the Americas: 20.63, other: 6.75 as of March 31, 2005)[10]
  3. Sega Saturn: 9.5 million[15]

[edit] Sixth generation

Main article: History of video game consoles (sixth generation)

This era began with the launch of the Sega Dreamcast in November 1998 in Japan and September 1999 in the U.S. The impending and much-hyped PlayStation 2 competed with the Dreamcast before it was even released, which combined with Sega's tarnished reputation among Saturn owners and third party developers, limited its adoption. The release of the anticipated PlayStation 2 in March 2000 in Japan, and October 2000 in the U.S. meant that the Dreamcast no longer enjoyed its status as the sole next-generation console. The brand Sony had established with the original PlayStation was a major factor in their victory, both in terms of securing a consumer base and attracting third party developers; the gradual increase in one tending to reinforce the other. The PlayStation 2 was able to play DVDs and was backwards-compatible with PlayStation games, which many say helped the former's sales. Any user considering buying a DVD player or PlayStation could view the PlayStation 2 as a cost-effective alternative, and the system effectively had a back catalog available before it even went on sale. The Dreamcast competed with the PS2 for several months, however Sega's financial troubles left over from the Saturn's failure eventually began to show themselves, and the Dreamcast was discontinued by the time the console war properly began. From then on Sega was officially out of the competition when it announced that they were no longer making consoles.

The Xbox, despite the formidable financial backing of Microsoft and despite being more powerful than the PlayStation 2, failed to significantly threaten the PlayStation 2's place as market leader, but has attracted a sizable fanbase in the United States and Europe and has become a recognizable brand amongst the mainstream. In Japan, its sales were far poorer, possibly due to the physical size of the console, and Microsoft's inability to acquire many major Japanese developers for their franchises as exclusives for the platform (contrast with Microsoft's multi-million dollar acquisition of UK developer Rare). A niche fanbase exists, particularly as the online services for the console, Xbox Live, offers more to users than the PS2's non-centralized online system and the Nintendo GameCube's near total lack of online games.

Nintendo struggled with their own brand image, particularly the family-friendly one cultivated during the 1990s. The GameCube's low price point kept it competitive against the Xbox and PlayStation 2.

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. PlayStation 2: 127 million, as of December 31, 2007[18]
  2. Xbox: 24 million, as of May 10, 2006[19]
  3. Nintendo GameCube: 21.74 million, as of March 31, 2008 (Japan: 4.04, the Americas: 12.94, other: 4.77)[20]
  4. Sega Dreamcast: 10.6 million[15][7]

[edit] Current generation

 This section needs additional citations for verification.
Please help improve this article by adding reliable references. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (December 2007)
Main article: History of video game consoles (seventh generation)

[edit] Home systems

All three consoles have had major shortages both at their launches and directly afterwards, with the Xbox 360's continuing for months after release and Wii's still continuing after 2 holiday seasons; the PlayStation 3 saw high demand for its first week of release, but it did not continue, being in stock at most major retailers shortly after release. Financial Times reported that as of September 12, 2007, the Wii is leading in sales with 9 million units sold, based on sales figures from Enterbrain, NPD Group, and GfK;[21] the Xbox 360 was second with 8.9 million units sold and the PlayStation 3 was third with 3.7 million units.[21]

[edit] Backwards compatibility

As of November 19, 2006, the Xbox 360, PlayStation 3, and Wii have all been released. This new generation for the first time has all of the major consoles focusing on online integration and wireless controllers. Initially only the Wii was backwards compatible with its previous counterpart with the Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3 only offering partial support, until online updates made backward compatibility possible: the European PlayStation 3's firmware is constantly being updated to give better backwards compatibility with both PlayStation and PlayStation 2 titles, but is available for download over the internet (via broadband connection) and may possibly be added onto a disk in the future. The PS3's "PS2 on a chip" solution used on the North American console has been taken out of the European release and is done through less-perfect but cheaper software emulation; however, the 40 GB PS3 SKU has taken out PS2 backwards compatibility all together, to help lower prices. The Xbox 360 uses software emulation for backwards compatibility via game-specific patches automatically downloaded via Xbox Live or downloaded and burned to a CD or DVD from the Xbox website.[22] Some titles are now available for download via Xbox live, eliminating the need for the original Xbox disc. The Wii is fully backwards-compatible with the GameCube and has backwards-compatibility via the Virtual Console, which provides the ability to emulate various older gaming platforms, though each game has to be repurchased and saved to the console's internal memory.

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. Wii: 24.45 million, as of March 31, 2008[20]
  2. Xbox 360: 19 million, as of April 25, 2008[23]
  3. PlayStation 3: 13 million, as of April 21, 2008[24][25]

[edit] Canada sales figures

Based on figures from the NPD Group.

  1. Xbox 360: 736,400, as of February 1, 2008[26]
  2. Wii: 689,500, as of February 1, 2008[26]
  3. PlayStation 3: 342,400, as of February 1, 2008[26]

[edit] Japan sales figures

Based on figures from Famitsu/Enterbrain.

  1. Wii: 5,695,579, as of March 30, 2008[27][28]
  2. PlayStation 3: 2,009,492, as of March 30, 2008[27][28]
  3. Xbox 360: 602,558, as of March 30, 2008[27][28]

[edit] US sales figures

Based on figures from the NPD Group.

  1. Xbox 360: 10.08 million, as of May 1, 2008[29]
  2. Wii: 9.51 million, as of May 1, 2008[29]
  3. PlayStation 3: 4.29 million, as of May 1, 2008[29]

[edit] Second handheld war

Although Nintendo and Sony originally denied competing with each other with their handheld products, it was widely believed that a new handheld war had begun with the releases of the Nintendo DS and PlayStation Portable (PSP) in late 2004 and early 2005, respectively (the Nintendo DS Lite, a smaller and sleeker version of the Nintendo DS was released in late 2006). As of the 2006 E3 press conference, however, Nintendo attacked Sony's handheld console, announcing that the Nintendo DS had been outselling the PSP. This could be taken as recognition of a new handheld war.

The Nintendo DS's power is comparable to that of Nintendo 64. It is notable in its use of two screens, one of them being a touch screen. It also sports a microphone input. It has shown considerable early success, particularly in branching out from the usual core demographic of video game players due to the intuitiveness of the touch screen control system. The DS is the less expensive of the two systems, and has longer battery life. The DS is backwards compatible with Game Boy Advance games, but not with games for prior Game Boy systems. The GBA slot is also used for DS Option Paks.

Sony's PSP is more powerful than the Nintendo DS, with graphical power comparable to the PlayStation 2. It is advertised as a portable multimedia system, as well as a handheld console (much in the same way as the PS2). Numerous movies have been released on the PSP's UMD format, and the system can play video and audio from the Memory Stick PRO DUO port. The PSP also supports a large high-resolution display, an analog stick, as well as standard controller buttons. Other features include the ability to make internet phone calls with the use Skype,[30] and a Global Positioning System.[31]

Both the DS and PSP support Wi-Fi networking, and have free online systems. The PSP has had online games since its launch in December 2004 in Japan, and the DS has had online games since mid-November 2005. Nintendo has also worked with McDonald's and Hilton Hotels to set up Wi-Fi access points across the USA, Europe and Australia.

[edit] Worldwide sales figures

  1. Game Boy Advance: 81.06 million, as of March 31, 2008 (Japan: 16.88, the Americas: 41.64, other: 22.53)[20]
    including Game Boy Advance SP: 43.23 million, as of March 31, 2008 (Japan: 6.51, the Americas: 24, other: 12.71)[20]
    and Game Boy Micro: 2.42 million, as of March 31, 2007 (Japan: 0.61, the Americas: 0.95, other: 0.87)[32]
  2. Nintendo DS: 70.6 million, as of March 31, 2008 (Japan: 22.38, the Americas: 22.39, other: 25.82)[20]
    including Nintendo DS Lite: 51.78 million, as of March 31, 2008 (Japan: 15.84, the Americas: 17.06, other: 18.88)[20]
  3. PlayStation Portable: 34 million, as of December 31, 2007[18]

[edit] US sales figures

Based on figures from the NPD Group.

  1. Nintendo DS: 17.65 million, as of January 1, 2008[33][34][35]
  2. PlayStation Portable: 10.47 million, as of January 1, 2008[33][34][35]

[edit] Japan sales figures

Based on figures from Famitsu/Enterbrain.

  1. Nintendo DS: 22,169,761, as of March 30, 2008[27][28]
  2. PlayStation Portable: 8,574,026, as of March 30, 2008[27][28]

[edit] See also

[edit] References

  1. ^ GaZZwa. History of Videogames (part 2). Gaming World. Retrieved on 2005-01-07.
  2. ^ 初代「ファミコン」など公式修理サポート終了 (Japanese). ITmedia News. ITmedia (2007-10-16). Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  3. ^ RyanDG (2007-10-16). Nintendo of Japan dropping Hardware support for the Famicom. Arcade Renaissance. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  4. ^ "Nintendo's classic Famicom faces end of road" (Reprint), AFP, 2007-10-31. Retrieved on 2007-11-09. 
  5. ^ A Brief History of Game Console Warfare: Nintendo Entertainment System. BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  6. ^ a b c d Annual Report 2006 (PDF) 14. Nintendo. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  7. ^ a b Russell Carroll (2005-09-06). Good Enough: Why graphics aren't number one. Game Tunnel. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  8. ^ Sam Pettus (2007-01-21). SegaBase Volume 2 - Master System and Game Gear. Eidolon's Inn. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  9. ^ A Brief History of Game Console Warfare: Game Boy. BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  10. ^ a b 05 Nintendo Annual Report - Nintendo Co., Ltd. (PDF) 33–34. Nintendo. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  11. ^ Blake Snow (2007-07-30). The 10 Worst-Selling Handhelds of All Time. GamePro.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  12. ^ A Brief History of Game Console Warfare: Super Nintendo Entertainment System. BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  13. ^ Super NES. Nintendo of America. Nintendo. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  14. ^ Greg Orlando (2007-05-15). Console Portraits: A 40-Year Pictorial History of Gaming. Wired News. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  15. ^ a b c Blake Snow (2007-05-04). The 10 Worst-Selling Consoles of All Time. GamePro.com. Retrieved on 2007-10-28.
  16. ^ a b PlayStation Cumulative Production Shipments of Hardware. Sony Computer Entertainment Inc.. Retrieved on 2006-08-14.
  17. ^ A Brief History of Game Console Warfare: Nintendo 64. BusinessWeek. McGraw-Hill. Retrieved on 2008-03-28.
  18. ^ a b Ellie Gibson (2008-05-06). PS3 has outsold Xbox 360 in Europe. Eurogamer. Retrieved on 2008-05-07.
  19. ^ Gamers Catch Their Breath as Xbox 360 and Xbox Live Reinvent Next-Generation Gaming. Xbox.com (2006-05-10). Retrieved on 2006-08-14.
  20. ^ a b c d e f Consolidated Financial Statements (PDF) 22. Nintendo (2008-04-24). Retrieved on 2008-04-24.
  21. ^ a b Sanchanta, Mariko (2007-09-12). Nintendo’s Wii takes console lead. Financial Times. Retrieved on 2008-01-20.
  22. ^ Xbox.com | Xbox 360 - Original Xbox Games on Xbox 360
  23. ^ Rob Purchese (2008-04-25). Xbox 360 passes 19 million mark. Eurogamer. Retrieved on 2008-04-27.
  24. ^ Sony plans new role for PlayStation 3. United Press International (2008-04-21). Retrieved on 2008-04-27.
  25. ^ Dawn C. Chmielewski and Alex Pham (2008-04-21). Sony to launch online video service for PlayStation 3. Los Angeles Times. Tribune Company. Retrieved on 2008-04-27.
  26. ^ a b c Nowak, Peter (2008-02-28). PS3 coming on strong. CBC News. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation. Retrieved on 2008-05-14.
  27. ^ a b c d e Brian Ashcraft (2008-04-03). Japanese People Love Nintendo Software. Kotaku. Gawker Media. Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  28. ^ a b c d e 2007年度のゲーム市場は6769億5000万円、前年度比103.8パーセントの伸びを記録 (Japanese). Famitsu. Enterbrain (2008-04-03). Retrieved on 2008-04-19.
  29. ^ a b c Daniel Terdiman (2008-05-21). The state of the next-gen video game console. CNET Networks. Retrieved on 2008-05-24.
  30. ^ PlayStation.com - PlayStation Portable - About PSP - Skype. PlayStation.com. Sony Computer Entertainment America Inc. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
  31. ^ PSP GPS Peripheral Coming to North America?. Kotaku. Retrieved on 2008-04-03.
  32. ^ Consolidated Financial Highlights (PDF) 21. Nintendo Co., Ltd. (2007-04-26). Retrieved on 2007-09-05.
  33. ^ a b Michael McWhertor (2008-01-18). Who's Winning The Console War In The US?. Kotaku. Retrieved on 2008-01-19.
  34. ^ a b James Brightman (2008-01-17). NPD: U.S. Video Game Industry Totals $17.94 Billion, Halo 3 Tops All. GameDaily. Retrieved on 2008-01-19.
  35. ^ a b Brandon Boyer (2008-01-18). NPD: 2007 U.S. Game Industry Growth Up 43% To $17.9 Billion. Gamasutra. Retrieved on 2008-01-19.

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