CONELRAD
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CONELRAD (Control of Electromagnetic Radiation) was a method of emergency broadcasting to the public of the United States in the event of enemy attack during the Cold War. It was intended to serve two purposes; to prevent Soviet bombers from homing in on American cities by using radio or TV stations as beacons, and to provide essential civil defense information. U.S. President Harry S. Truman established CONELRAD in 1951. After the development of intercontinental ballistic missiles reduced the likelihood of a bomber attack, CONELRAD was replaced by the Emergency Broadcast System on August 5th, 1963, which was later replaced with the Emergency Alert System in 1997; all were administered by the Federal Communications Commission (FCC).
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[edit] History
Prior to 1951, there was no method that the U.S government could use to broadcast warnings to citizens in the event of an emergency. However, radio stations and networks could interrupt normal programming and issue a bulletin in the event of an emergency, as what happened during the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941, as well as the first successful tornado warning near Tinker Air Force Base in Oklahoma City in 1948. This type of broadcasting was the forerunner to CONELRAD.
CONELRAD in concept was originally known as the Key Station System. This information from an FCC document dated March 26, 1951 which grew out of the "Informal Government - Industry Technical Conference" held on that date.
"The primary plan for alerting broadcast stations that is currently being considered by the FCC Study Group is known as the Key Station System. The arrangement requires certain telephone circuits (private wire or direct line to Toll Board) between the Air Defense Control Centers (A.D.C.C.) and specified radio stations to be known as "Basic Key Stations".
Additional telephone circuits (direct line to Toll Board) will be required in certain cases, between "Basic Key Stations" and other stations to be known as "Relay Key Stations". Each "Basic Key Station" receiving an alert or warning signal from the A.D.C.C. shall, if so directed, proceed to broadcast a predetermined message and also relay the message by telephone to all "Relay Key Stations" under his control as specified." Conelrad was officially introduced on December 10, 1951.
CONELRAD had a simple system for alerting the public and other "downstream" stations that consisted of a sequence of shutting the station off for five seconds, returning to the air for five seconds, again shutting down for five seconds, and then transmitting a tone for 15 seconds. Key stations would be alerted directly. All other broadcast stations would monitor a designated station in an area. In the event of an emergency, all United States television and FM radio stations were required to stop broadcasting. Upon alert, most Mediumwave stations shut down. The stations that stayed on the air would transmit on either 640 or 1240 kHz. They would transmit for several minutes, and then go off the air and another station would take over on the same frequency in a "round robin" chain. This was to confuse enemy aircraft who might be navigating using Radio Direction Finding. By law, radio sets manufactured between 1953 and 1963 had these frequencies marked by the triangle-in-circle ("CD Mark") symbol of Civil Defense.
Although the system by which the CONELRAD system was initiated (switching the transmitter on and off) was simple, it was prone to numerous false alarms, especially during lightning storms. [1] Transmitters could also be damaged by the quick cycling. The switching later became known informally as the "EBS Stress Test" (due to many transmitters failing during tests) and was eventually discontinued when broadcast technology advanced enough to make it unnecessary.
Beginning in 1957, operating U.S. amateur radio stations were required to verify at least once every 10 minutes that a normal broadcast station was on the air. If not, the amateurs were required to stop transmitting. Several companies marketed special receivers that would sound an alarm and automatically deactivate the amateur's transmitter when the monitored broadcast station went off the air.
[edit] CONELRAD in pop culture
Fictional treatments of how CONELRAD would work can be found in the novel Alas, Babylon by Pat Frank, and the 1962 movie Panic in Year Zero, the 1955 "Medic" TV episode entitled "Flash of Darkness" starring Richard Boone, as well as the CBS television network's 1958 made-for-TV movie A Day Called 'X'. The movie The Omega Man (1971) contains an anachronistic depiction of a CONELRAD transmission during a biological warfare attack ("CONELRAD channel! This is a Class 1 emergency! Stay in your homes!") - the attack is shown as taking place in 1975, 12 years after CONELRAD was discontinued.
There was also a hardcore punk-rock band in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, named Conelrad.
There is also a teleplay for "The Twilight Zone" called "The Shelter" involving the Conelrad station[citation needed] as well as an episode of Quantum Leap called "Nuclear Family" that plays part of a Conelrad broadcast.[citation needed]
Bob Dylan references the system in the song "Talkin' World War III Blues".
In the 1963 comedy album Jose Jimenez - Our Secret Weapon, Bill Dana played somebody in Civil Defense. When asked what he would listen to during the event of an atomic attack, he said he would listen to Comrade. When corrected and asked if he ment CONELRAD, he explained "No, Comrade will know about it first!"[citation needed]
[edit] See also
- Nuclear warfare
- Nuclear weapon
- Blast shelter
- Fallout shelter
- Civil defense geiger counters
- Duck and cover
- Civil protection
- World War III
[edit] External links
[edit] Works cited
"City's Civil Defense Sirens Will Be Tested Tomorrow. " New York Times (1857-Current file) [New York, N.Y.] 16 September 1963,30-30. ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 - 2003). ProQuest. 3 March 2007 <http://www.proquest.com/>
